IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sdences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notes  technique*  at  bibliographiques 


The  institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
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which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  peliiculie 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le 


titre  de  c.i  overture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 

Coioured  init  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  biacit)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


|~~1   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  ir.iv 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possi^i»,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutAes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte. 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6X6  fiim^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  ddtails 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
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une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indlquds  ci  dessous. 


□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

□   Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  peilicul6es 

0    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet6es  ou  piqu« 


D 


piquies 


□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 

0Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualiti  in6gaie  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplimentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponibie 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6ti  film6es  d  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  fiimd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


aire 

I  d6tails 
|u«s  du 
t  modifier 
iger  une 
9  fiimage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanlcs 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
gin^rositA  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  AtA  rooroduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin.  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettetA  de  rexemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fiimage. 


1/ 
u6es 


Original  c  pies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CCN- 
TINUED"),  or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  app!le<(. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  film6s  eri  commencant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commen9ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  ccrnpcrte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  dlllustratioti  et  an  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  psge  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
derniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  —^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
syrnbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


aire 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  *he 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  rAduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gaushe  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


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MILITARY 

« 

COLLECTIONS 


AND 


REMARKS, 


Lafortime  d'tfpofe  des  ntiSnrtsi  mms  unjt^mtnt  mur,  Mut 
prudenct  /age,  it  P  txperience,  /avtni  fids  apprindH  /*. 
tjfage  qu*  il/aM  in  fturt% 

TORTBNSQV* 


PUBLISHED     BY 

Ma-orDONKIN. 


•^-m 


N    E    W    ,    Y   O    R    Sj 

pH&tcd  b/  H.  6  A I N  B,  at  the  Bible  and  CtQWn,  fil 
Hanover-S<^arE|  ,: 

M|DCC|1.XJC,VIK  ^-^ 


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To  the  Right  Honorabj-e 

HUGH,  Earl  PERCY, 

Colonel  to  his  Majefty's  Vth  re- 
giment of  foot,  lieutenant  ge- 
neral of  the  king's  armies,  now 
ferving  in  America,  and  com- 
mander in  chief  of  the  forces 
in  Rhode  Ifland,  &^c.  &^c.  &c. 

My  Lord, 

HAVING  had  frequent  oq- 
cafions  in  the  fubfequent 
treatife  to  quote  the  grand  aftions 
of  the  moft  renowned  ca^ptains  of 
antiquity^  it  was  natural  for  me 
to  look  at  home  for  a  iModem 
equally  brilliant.  Britannia  holds 
forth  Percy  1  Fame  founds, 

^^  Great  in  the  war,"  arid  great  in  ' 
•1  **  arts  of  ftate  I"  Iliad. 


"HI 


A    2 


But 


I 


DEDICATION; 

But  nature  having  denied  mc 
the  neceflary  talents  to  record  the 
exploits  of  the  Augujle  Houfe  of 
NoRTHU  BERLAND,  in  which  the 
Hero  and  State/man  have  been 
time  immemorial  fo  eminently 
confpicuoiis,  I  efteem  myfelf  hap- 
py in  the  honor  of  being  permit- 
ted to  make  aix  oftering  of  the 
following  fheets,  and  to  lay  them 
at  the  feet  of  the  Heir  of  that 
illujirious  family^  in  whom  con- 
centre all  the  ^virtues  of  his  glo-- 
rious  ancejlors. 

I  am,  mod  refpeftf ully, 

My  Lord, 

Your  Lordlliip^s, 

Moft  devoted,  and 

Moft  obedient  fervant,    . 


R.  DONKIN.      ] 


|Viw;-r<?//c,  ifi  March,  1777. 


PREFACE. 


id  mc 
rd  the 
u/e  of 
:h  the 

been 
nently 
f  hap- 
ermit- 
of  the 

them 
f  that 
i   con- 


tnt,    , 
IN. 

ACE. 


>4h<i^'(^«i^4*'4'4>*'^4*'4^'^  4^4*'4>'4'4*4>*4^ 


PREFACE. 


<J^HERE  have  appeared  in  the  Jpace 
-^  of  thirty  years  (the  time  of  my  fer^ 
vieej  fo  many  books  on  military  fubjeSis^ 
that  one  would  imagine  nothing  left  to 
treat  upon  :  but  the  matter  is  inexhaujli^ 
ble^  as  the  art  of  war  varies  with  every 
age. 

I  neither  pretend  to  give  things  entirely 
new,  or  prefume  to  offer  the  following 
Jheets  wholly  as  my  own  i  no  :  I  am  in- 
debted for  moji  of  them  to  the  late  Earl  of 
Granard,  under  whofe  command  I  had  the 
honor  of  ferving  many  years ;  bis  natural 
talevJs  and  acquired  abilities  were  fo  un^ 
commonly  extenjive  ;  his  application  to  his 
profejjion  and  hi^ory  .fo  unbounded,  that 
his  military  as  well-  as  polit '  al  knowledge 
amufed  and  infru5ied  at  tbc  fame  time. 
His  plan  for  the  defence  of  Ireland  (if 
ever  invaded)  merits  the  particular  atten-' 
tion  of  government,  it  being  the  only  ra- 
tional well  imagined  and  properly  digejled 

A  3  projeSi 


f^ft 


^■s 


\  ' 


projeB  on  the  fuhjeEif  and  perhaps  hitherto 
unat tempted  by  others :  but  as  we  muft  not 
teach  our  enemies  the  fort  and  i,he  foible 
of  that  nurfery  and  a<:ademy  of  Britijh 
troops f  I  lave  lodged  a  copy  of  it  with 
the  adjutant  general  of  England  (for  the 
public  good)  if  ever  fuch  an  event  may 
take  place,  who  was  pleafed  to  thank  md 
for  the  valuable  deport* 

My  publifinng  then  the  remarks  and 
collcdiions  of  his  lordjhip  may  appear  to 
my  brother  officers  (who  will  eafly  difcern 
the  matter  treated  of  to-  be  "  au  deflus 
**  dc  ma  portee)"  either  to  proceed  from 
a  dejire  of  fame,  or  vanity  to  Jhew  forth 
in  the  literary  world  upon  the  reputation 
of  another,  by  having  my  name  prefixed  to 
a  work  not  of  my  own  compofition  I  but. 
my  motive  hath  quite  another  objeSt  in 
view :  the  firfi  is,  not  to  foffer  fuch  well 
feledled  remarks  to  be  buried  in  oblivion ; 
the  fecond  I  took  the  hint  of  from  the 
mother  country-  \ 

'*  Since  the  breaking  out  of  the  prefeni 
**  unnatural  rebellion,  and  the  bloody 
*'  maffacre*  committed   on  his   majefiys 

♦•  trqop^ 

•  The  canting  words  made  ufe  of  every  5th  March 
by  the  Boftonian  orators  from  the  pulpit,  in  commei^i^ 
,ation  of  a  man  accidentally  fhot  by  a  (entry  there.— i 
gee  captain  Preilon's  tryal. 


4t 
i€ 
«t 
C< 
<< 
€< 
€( 
*( 
i« 

<< 
€€ 


(     iii     ) 

troops  peaceably  marching  to  and  frot\ 
Concord  the  igth  April ,  1775,  begun 
and  injligated  by  the  Maffachufetians, 
moji .  of  the  capital  trading  towns  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  holding 
thefe  murderers  in  themtmoft  abhorrence 
and  detejlation,  all  at  once  opened  fub'* 
fcriptions  to  relieve  and  fupport  the  in^ 
nocent  children  and  widows  of  the  vali-^ 
ant  foldiers  inhumanly*  and  wantonly 
butchered  that  day,  as  well  as  for  thofe 
that  ghrioujly  fell  in  their  country  t 
caufe  at  Bunktr-hill  the  \Jth  ^unA 
^ollowingn* 


•  •»  .  NJ     ^■^ 


t  ^hefe  voluntary  donations  at  home  put 
me  upon  folliciting  the  officers  of  the  navy 
and  army  fever  more  generous  than  many 
of  them  can  afford  J  to  raife  a  fund  for 
the  fame  charitable  purpofes,  abroad,  ac^ 
cording  to  every  ones  ability*  Now  the, 
printing  this  book  cannot  come  ta  much 9. 
but  the  printer  mujl  be  paid ;  and  after 
his  demand  is  di/charged,  the  remainder  /r 
to  be  difpofed  of  at  the  difcretion  of  a 
cammittee  of  fubfcriber^  (from  time  : to, 

•  There  was  one  foldicr  fcalpcd  and  hh  ear*  out  off 
(thongk  not  quite  dead)  ^t  Concord-bridge  by  thefe. 
barbarians :  tw'o  captains,  who  faw  him  wallov  '  g  ia 
blood  will  prove  this,  fhould  any  rebel  dare  deny  it... 


t 


''I 

M 


IE  . 


UimcJ  in  fdvor  of  the  fatberlefs  and  huj^ 
bandlejs  of  the  navy  and  army  at  fo  much 
0  child  and  fo  much  a  widow. 

;  But  here  it  may  be  confideredy  what  caii 
ie  afforded  to  he  given  to  each  of  the 
aforementioned  unfortunates  ?  l^hat  wilt 
depend  on  the  ftrength  of  the  bank,  Lon-^ 
don  raifed  upwards  of  twenty  thouf and 
founds^  but  that  city  comprehends  in  a 
manner  the  whole  world!  Brijiol  ("Ufithin 
itfelf)  above  as  many  hundreds ;  and  not 
onfy  fentjhoes  with  other  neceffaries  to  the 
foldiery  in  America^  but  gave  and  continues 
togive,  every  widow  two  guineas ^  every 
child  half  d  guinea 9  on  their  arrival  there, 
and  producing  a  proper  certificate.         . 

•  /  mufi  here  beg  the  favor  of  my  readers^ 
not  to  look  contempt uoujly  on  the  diminu"^ 
tivenefs  of  this  work^  but  to  conjider  it 
according  to  the  4efgn  and  contents ;  and 
as  from  the  hurry  of  a  campaign^  Jhme  (if 
not  many)  itfoccuracies  will  unavoidably 
appear 9  which  woud  otherwife  have  been 
better  attended  ta^  that  they  n/oill  make  a 
large  allowance  on  thai  account :  And  as 
I  have  referred  them  to  different  authors 
for  further  iriformations,  let  me  recommend 
the  young  (if  they  be  not  converfant  in  the 


■i  D^LV) 


i  I 


<k 


€t 


(    k    ) 

grfek  anJ  laiift  criginah)  to  addrefs  tbeinh 
Jelves  to  frencb  tranflations  ;  wherein 
they  will  find  more  lofting  fatisfadiion  and 
real  amufement^  than  in  the  fajhionable 
boil  tpn  of  thefYefent  age  I  ^^  for  in  war 
••  (fi^s  the  duke  de  Sully  J  if  a  young  man 
**  cannot  improve  his  genius,  he  may  hit 
*•  morals ;  as  even  the  hurry  andconfufion 
*•  of  arms  offer  excellent  fchools  of  virtue 
**  and  polite nefs  to  him  that  is  defirous  of 

*'  P^^fi^l^^S  h  ^^^^  '  ^^^  miferable  (and 
that  during  his  whole  life  J  is  he,  wba 
engages  in  aprofejfion  fo  fatal  to  youths 
**  without  having  firength  or  inclination 
**  to  refifi  bad  examples  :  though  hejhould 
'*  have  the  good  fortune  to  preferve  him" 
**  f elf  from  being  tainted  with  any  Jhame-' 
**  ful  vice,  how  will  he  be  able  to  infiruSi 
**  and  fortify  his  heart  in  thefe  principles 
*'  which  wifdoni  dictates  as  well  to  a  pri^ 
**  vate  man  as  a  trince^  but  by  making 
*'  virtue  habitual  by  pradlice  ?  fo  that  any 
*'  good  aBion  may  never  become  painful  i 
"  and,  that  if  reduced  to  the  neceffrty  of 
**  faving  all  by  a  crime,  or  lofing  all  by  a 
**  virtuous  deed,  he  may  fnd his  duty  and 
**  inclination  the  fame.* 

In  gratitude  to  lieutenant  D  urn  ford  of 
the  corps  of  engineers,  I  acknowledge  my^ 

r  ^i  ii  n  T  '•    '  f^if 


M 


tl 


ill 


i' 


(     rf     ) 

fdf  tnucb  indebted  to  his  friendjhip  for 
many  ufeful  UJjhns  to  the  partisan:  and 
if  I  have  not  detailed  the  a6iions  of  our 
modern  Englijh  heroes  with  that  brilliancy 
of  thought^  and  elegancy  of  Jiyle,  fuch 
noble  exploits  ought  to  in/pire,  I  hope  at 
leafl  to  have  fketched  a  plan  for  fom^i 
future  genius  to  fug  the 


.  •*, 


Arma,  virofquc  anglicanos,  Gfr. 
In  the  fublimenefs  of  Heroics  I 


XnVWCCA  ^l\  ^•'.V.^^ii . 


'«■..  .1.  \  *     .\t 


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SUBSCRIBERS 


1  i 


SUBS.CR1BERS   NAMES. 


li     .  <  > 


ROYAL    NAVY. 


V 


ICE    Admiral  ^  ord  Suldham 


£330 


CRcynor  - 

Captains.  <  Ommany  -  - 

^Moiroy  -         ,     ,    • 

-  fDouglafs 

Lieutenants.^  j^^gg^j  .  ^^ 

(.DVAuvcrgnc 
The  Reverend  Mr.  O'Beirnc,  Chaplaift  to  1 
Vice  Admiral  Lord  Howe,    Commander  J. 

iR  Chief  -  "     „    r      -^ 

Mr.  John  Markhsm,  Midfhipman,  Perleiw 
Mr.  Hope,  Purfer,  Raven  •     . 


I 
I 
1 

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o 
o 

0 


I 
o 


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10 
10 
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10 


1 
5 


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Brigade  of  Foot  Guards, 


Brigadier  General  Matthew 
''Trelawney 


C 


Captain  #nd 


OgUvic 

Sir  George  Ofborne,  Br. 

ja^e 


Lieutenant  -<  Twifleton 
Cojonel.        Martin  .  r 

^  Sir  J.  WrotteHy,  Br.        - 

Cox  - 

^Grenville  * 

fKf>h 
Madan  * 

Dyer  -  - 

Stephens,  Ms«or  of  Brigadq 

J     Leigh  '•  - 

Lieutenant  and ;  g^jjy  .  , 


5 

2 

2 

5 

2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

2 


5 

2 

2 

5 

2 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 


0  10 

1  1 


o 

I 
I 

2 


I 

I 

2 


Captain. 


Rich 

Whitworth 

Finch 

Dowdcfwell 

Thorotcn 


o  10 
2     2 


2 
2 

3 


2 

2 
2 


O 

o 
o 
6 
6 
6 
6 


o 
3 


O 

o 
o 

o 
o 
o 

O: 

o 
o 
o 
6 

o 

6 

o 

o 

o 

6 

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0 

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-.     ^     -    \      I  Lord  Vifcouat  Chewtoa         *     i 

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I  Trelawney,  Adj^ut.  to  zd  Battal.  ^  i     i 

J^nfignsX  Johnftone  -  -        o  IQ 

J  Bofcawen  -  -.  i     i 

tDrammond  ,  ^   i     i 

Adjutant  Wilfon  to  ift  Battalion  -     ■       o  lo 

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Surgeon  Smythes  -  m^:  i       i     i 

aaplainO>p^e^    j:.^;3   -  />Mb--*     ' 

4th,  Off  JftirigV  own  Regt.  of  Foot. 

Gcuienatjt  Cdoriel  Ogilvie 

l     c         f  Webfter 
Captains.  <  Thomlinfon 

IHely    .^    .  — 
Captain  Libuteharit  Thome 

,  rBotlcr  — . 

■^     r     ^     -4  Breafy  '••  - - 

I3eutenants.<  Kemble  ,     ^ 

"  -       I  Arbuthn'Ot  "  '^ 

•*     ^  (.Bcilloofc'-"         -•    —    ^ 

Well  *-;—         ;>r'; 

Blenman~  -^ 

Schoen       ,      r—  T" 

Dixon      •    ~  •-^^  — - 

^  Turner "  '^■^  -^ 

Surgeon  RichaFd  KnoWlcs,  Efqi         —  ^ 


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Itt.  Hon.  Hugh  Eari  Percy,  Maj.  General 
Major  Mitchell  —  — ^  .  |^^ 

f  Gore  "  —        •     '  1  i^ 

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^       .      C  Balfour  -  " 

Captains.  J  Lamb    '        -  ' 

V.   '  fBadcock  * 

I.ieutcnants.|p^g.gj^^  .  * 

7th  Regiment,  or  Fufileers. 

Major  General  Prefcott 

Lieutenant  Colonel  Clark 

Major  Stopford  -  -  •      , 

rKennier  *  *•  . 

j  Newmai'ih  •  \  ■ 

^    ,  .     J  Brice  f  -  ' 

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I  Peacocke  *  f ; 

.tAnftruther 

f  Harrifon  • 

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DufF  -  • 

•Lieutenants.--^  Hughes 

LShuttleworth 
I  Haymore 
^Honorable  Barrington 


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Brigadier  General  Smith 
Major  Vattas 
Captain  fiotet 

j  Green 
Xieutenants.  <<  CarnH«hel 
<  I  €ands 

ISdrke     . 

=-««■"•  ^bZ^  . 

Chaplain,  Montgomery  • 
Surgeon's  Mate,  Thompfon 


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^  15th  Regiment  of  Foot. 

lieutenant  Colonel  John  Bird 

"Andrew  Cathcart  -     •   % 

James  Leilie  -  " 

Chriftopher  Meachel 

Captains.  -{  John  George  Goldfrap 

James  Douglas  > 

Hdward  Madden 

^  Henry  Ditmas 

'Conway  Courtenay        -  ,  . 

James  Pierfe 

J.  Peter  Franquefort 

Honorable  John  Rawdon 

Charles  Leigh 

Lieutenants.  •{  George  Cle  wlow 

Kingfm.  Pennefather 

George  Thomas 

B.  Gage  Barbutt 

Hon.  Wrlliam  Falconer 

Charles  Brown  . 

rRichard  North 

I  William  Clark 

t?«fi»««     J  Guftavus  Hamilton 
Enfigns.    ^  ^^^^^^  Frederick 

'  1  Thomas  Newburgh 

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Subscribers  Names. 


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'     -^     r  Adjutant,  John  Btthe  * 

Staff.  <  Quarter  Mailer,  Elias  Bowler 

f  Surgeon,  J.  Peter  Eligc 

1 6th  Regiment,, 

Captjuii  Cleveland  ■ 

2  2d  Regiment. 

Lieutenant  Colonel  Campbell 

-  -  ,  5  French 

Majors.     |  Hillman  

f  Macdonald  -^ 

,*>...      J  Brabazon  ■       ■ 

Captains.^  ^j^pf^^  . 

iHandficld^ 
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'      V.        .      I  Dalrymplc  . 

I  Everard' 
Lieutenants.*^  Hay  — 

Hamilton  — 

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f  Porter  -    - 

Enfigns.   i  ^l^X     \       _  "* 

•Quarter  Mailer,  Abercrombie 
Surgeon,  Mace  —  ^ 

Mate,  M' Alpine   -  — ' 

23d,  or  Royal  Reg.  of  Welch  Fuzileers, 

His  Excellency  Sir  William  Howe,  Com-  J   *     *    q 

mander  in  Chief,  &c.  -  S 

Lieutenant  Colonel  Bernard      ^ 
Major  Blakeny,  -  .         •       ' 

fFcrgufon     » 

I  Evans  • 

Captains.  <  Mackenzie     - 

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"^   ^        26tlr-Regiifl-ent  of  Foot. 

Major  Gordon  . .  , 

o  - ,  f  Anftruthcr  .-  i». 

f,  I  Stroag  •    -  ^        ' 

a    ■.     -»     I  Stewart-. 

Captains.  •<  Swann 

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^  o:     2fth   Regiment  of  Foot. 

liieiiienant  Coloiiel  Prefcott  -  £> 

C  Smith  -  - 

Captains.  <  Cathcart 
C  Daly 

C  Nugent 
lieutenants,  k  Dalton        m        *  m 

(^  Magrath 
fThomas         -         - 
I  Potter 

T?«fl*»««    ^*  Rochfort        .         -         - 
Enfigns.  S.  Bi^^d 

I  Humphreys  > 

ICliffe 
Stirgeon,  Morrifon  -  -  ■ 

Mate,  Kitfcn 

29th  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Lieutenant  Vaughan 

33d  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Lieu^-^rant  Colonel  Webfter 
Major  York 

r  Campbell 

1  Crane         .       »-  •* 

Captains.  <  Cornwallis  • 

I  Cotton. 

LGore 
,  TManley     . 

Xictttenants.  ^  ^^f*  /  Z 

t  Reymond 

Enfigns.    11"^^ 

Surgeon,  Hill 

Mate,  Fillery  -  -  . 

37th  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Major  CouiTeau 

f  Parry 

]  Montgomerie 
Captains.^  Hamilton  - 

j  Speke        «         -        -        • 

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liieuicnants.  <  Frith         — 
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Enfigns 


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I  Buckeri4ge 


Hamilton 


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38th  Regiment  of  Foot, 

Major  General  Pigot         -     -  - 

Lieutenant  Colonel  Butler 
Major  Difney  - 

f  Crofby  .  .   - 

Captains.  <  Lumm  •»• 

C  Honorable  Henry  Fox        -    . 

40th  Regiment  of  Fo9t 

Captain  Bamford,  Town  Major,  New-Yo^k" 

43d  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Captains.  U^/'l^'    • 
'^  I  Mackenzie 

44th  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Brigadier  General  Agnew 

Major  Hope  -        -      •  - 

ro«»o:«,  i  Norton     -         -  -      . 

P^P'^»"«-  \  Loftus  .        '       '    - 

f  Atkinfon  - 

Lieutenants.  <  HafTard 

I  Nicholas  - 

46th  Regiment  of  Fopt. 

Lieutenant  Colonel  Markham  - 

Major  Fergufon  -  .  , 

fHall  -       .  ,..''■■ 

(.Chetwynd 
Lieutenant.)  Batwell 

f  Bland         ,      - 
finfigns.    <  Hart        "        -  - 

(Wilfon       -      -    . 


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47th  Regiriient  of  Foot. 

t  Colonel  Sheriff,  Dep.  Qu.  Ma.  ? 

■  49th  RegiiYicnt  of  Foot. 

Lieaten^nt  Colonel,  Sir  Henry  Calder,  Br. 
Majbi'Dilkes  -  . 

f  wnkinfhaw  - 

j  Grant  -  - 

r>     1  •      J  Wade  -  - 

Capttont.^  Stewart     _'       .     . 
I  Nfxon        '       - 
LMaxwell  .    . 

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Crofccr 
Jof.  Bunbur^ 
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Lieutenants.  ^  Roberts 

Wm.  Biinbury 
Woods 

Agnew  - 

LMaitland- 

!  Norman  • 

Gordon  -  -• 

Benfon  -  - 

Stanley 
MaiTe^  - 

Adjutant,  Wiggiefworth  -t 

Quarter  Mailer,  Archer    -       - 
Surgeon,  Fuller 
Mate,  Nye.  .  - 

5 2d  Regiment  of  Foot, 

Captain 'Symes  -    - 

53d  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Enfign  Rogers  -  - 

55th  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Major  Cay ler,  Aid-de-Camp 

Captain  Sutherland         -—         — 

60th,  or  Royal  American  Regt.  of  Foot. 

Major  lt,emble,  Deputy  Adjutant  General        i     1     o 
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62d  Regiment  of  Foot.' 

Major  General  Jones 

630!  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Lieutena.      ''olonel  Patcerfon,  Adj.  General 
Major  Silk  -  -  - 

r>      ^  '        51>l«cn 
Captainf.  <  . 

^  I  Jones  -  -  • 

Capu^in  Lieutenant  M'Kinnon  * 

f  St.  Legcr 
Lieutenants.  <  Money  •  -      . 

t  Gibfon    * 
Enfign,  Starke 
Surgeon,  Smyth,  M.  D. 

64th  Regiment  of  Foot. 

The  Honorable  Major  General  Leflie 
Major  Macleroth     -      - 
f  Stuart  - 

Captains.^  Laton   -  - 

(.Simmondron 

f  Jacob  -  • 

Lleutcan.,.  j  «»^-     "    ..  '  .  " 

(  tGratton      -  - 

rWynyard      -  - 

C  Grant  -  .      - 

Surgeon,  Biihopp  -  - 

71ft  Regiment  of  Foot. 

Major  Laroont  -  ,    «► 

rChifliolm  ^    - 

Captains.  <  Laurie  •  « 

f  Sutherland 

I  Nairn  m . 

Lamont  - 

Lieutenants.  K;  j;\"f^  "     . 

Macdonald 
Rofs  -   - 

Hamilton  ^ 


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Enfigm.   <  Campbell 

'-;     :      ;   (.Bain  -         -      - 

garter  Mafter,  Banlcen 
$.urg^on.  Chiiholm  • 

Mate*   O'Chiftue  "   -  - 

Corps  of  Engineers. 

Major  Dixon,  chief  engineer  -  2     2 

r  Montrefor,  commanding  3d  Brig.   1  16 

>,<     1  .       J  Marr  -  .^ 

(papt^ins.JMulcailer 

(.  Robert  fon 

f  Pitti  \i»- 

ift  Lieutenants.-  <  Parker  - 

-^Durnford 

,  -  *     -        .       ( Haldane 
%Q.  Lieutenants. 


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,    Royal  Artillcrjr,;  J 

l^igadier  General  Cleveland  f  -wxXh 

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Lieutenants.  <  Ramiey  -- 

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17th  Regiment,  Captain  Scott 


22d 

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Captain  Grant 
Lieutenant  Wil&n 
Lieutenant  Gordon 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Aber- 


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Captain  Boyd 
Captain  Mackenzie 
Lieutenant  Evans 
Major  Craige 
Captain  Armftrong 
Captain  Lewis 
Lieutenant  Millet 
Captain  Monro 
His  Excellency  Governor  Tryon 
His  Excellency  Governor  Wentworth 
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JSUBSCHIBERS   ^AAfE$« 

'Colonel  Guy  Johnibn,  Supenntendaat  of  I 

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Daniel  Weir,  Efq;  Commiffary  General 
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Thomas  Barrow,  Efij;  Deputy  of  the  Pay 

Matter  General  of  His  Majefty's 

Forces-  .  -  • 

Idichael  Morris,   Efq;   M.  D.   Phyfician 

General  - 

Francis  Rufli   Clark,    E<^;  Infpeaor  and  J  . 

Superintendant  of  His  Majefty's  Pro- 1  o  -lo 

vifion  Train  -  -     .       -  V 

Mr.  William  D.  Faulkiner,  Harlaem  o  14 

Mr.  David  Morris  -  -05 

Mr.  Frracis  James.  •  v         c    5 


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Brought  forward,  i^.  377    3    9 

GENERAL  Harvv,  .  ^.  5     ^    ^ 

Lieut.  General  Edmonflone,  -  ] 


loth  Regt,  Dragoons. 


Lieut.  Col.  Mordaunt, 
Major  Morrice, 

f  Lewis, 

Captains  }  H«"ch«»an, 
^  1  Gregory, 

C  Newton, 
["Barlow, 
J  Cart  Wright, 
Lieutenants  •{  Dayrolles, 
1  Portal, 
LSotheby, 
fLumley, 
Legge,        .     . 

Cornets  J  ^}^'^'''' 
\  Tipping, 

I  Gregory, 

L  Rowley, 

Adjutant  Lewis, 


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Lieut.  Col.  Dundas, 
Major  Lyon, 

f  Warburton, 

tSayer, 


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Subscribers  Name^; 


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'  f  Ibbotron, 
V .     I  Boiflier, 
Lieutenants  <  Fawkener, 
I  Moore, 

r  Carnegie, 
I  Richardfon, 

!  Lovelace, 
L  Mitchell, 


Broaght  forward,  £»  389  if  ^ 


I  ft  Battalion  of  the  Royals. 


Lieut.  Col.  Frafcr, 
'  Cacey, 

CaptaiBS  -»  '*'"'"'• 


f 

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f  Campion, 
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Major  Dalrymple, 
Captain  Shaw, 

rBaillif, 

Lieutenants  \  J?""^^' 
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(.  Duperre, 

fChetwynd, 

,     Hole, 

Enfigns  "^  Sanxay, 

J  Davies, 

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13th  Regt.  Foot.  . 


Lieut,  fcol.  Qgilvie,     ,      -      ^    ,^ 
i^ajor  Bdhoufe,  -  > 

1  Crawford,.     >,opr  .;:  ;\:i/! ,^uu^ 
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<  I  Montgomeryy        -    - 

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Major  Munro,  -         -    . 
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'-,  Total,  Sterling,  £,  422    7    | 


To  Paper  for  loco  Copies,  4'"37  .^9.  :-4-  f 
Td  printing  Expences,  57  1 3     '  * 

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-^M- 


CONTENTS; 


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'V:'': 


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1 

1                   "* 

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'-,nF>i:o^.i  '^ttuA-iiid  nl 


C    O    NT'T    E    N    T 

MILITARY  conftitution^ 
Legion, 
Levies, 
Cavalry,    .. 
War  in  general, 
Order  of  battle,    " 
War, 

Of  generals, 
Science  in  war. 
Stratagems  of  war> 
Vidtory, 

Qualities^    '  '        ; 
Plan, 

Preparations  of  war, 
Money, 
Ammunition,  proviiion. 
Bread  and  corn*-  ,\iu;.iU  ni  i;;: 

Suftenance,  ' 
Liquor, 
Hofpitals, 
Guides, 
Spies, 

Military  adions. 
Duties  and  obligations, 
Merit,  records,  rewards. 
Triumph, 

Reflcdions  on  Caefar, 
Pompey, 
Heroifm, 
Emulation, 
.Geometry, 


PAOi 

1 

12 

26 

37 
68 

78 
83 

lor 
306 

108 

112 
114 
116 
117 
119 

128 
129 
136 

141 

148 
150 


CONTENTS. 

Sieges, 

Invafipn, 

Tadique, 

Cadence,  or  tadt, 

Mufic, 

Dance, 

Exercife, 

Marches, 

Retreats, 

Plunder^ 

Bridges, 

Officers, 

Queftor, 

Pretpr, 

Wages,  or  pay. 

Flints, 

Brevets, 

Bows, 

Animadveriions, 

Honor, 

Patriotifm, 

Scheme  for  new  modelling   the 

Britifh  army. 
Royal  artillery. 

Royal  artillery,  military  academy. 
Marines, 
Invalids, 
La  petite  Guerre, 


Paci 
152 

i6i 
162 
164 
166 

174 
179 

180 

i8i 

184 

185 

186 

189 

192 

190 

200 

202 

203 

204 
211 
212 
215 
218 
222 


I? 


-  r 


K    O'    :> 


j  iMtiWinininiiitrrrfrTTritti-r' 


:ii- 


Errata, 

«5  Read,  Sangiart.  ^ 

37  Re-id,  Antilochus. 

4.8  Line  i5tli»  luaSf  inftead  of,  rofe  Aiperior,  S;c. 

V67  L  iftLine  but  one,  No  viftnry,  Sec-  -uj,  inttead  erf,  ii. 

yt  Line  5th,  tbatt  muney  with  victory,  inltead  of,  that. 

85  Line  i4.th,  an  hero,  infteadof,  a  hero. 
'95  Line  Sih,  read, /zMhe  river  Alia. 
^t?8  Line  51^,  comparing ,  not  compairing. 
809  Line  i8th,  Soldier  accommodated,  &c.  not,  foIdlerSt 
/SIX  Laft  Line  but  one,  FlonverSf  not,  flowres. 
J 17  In  the  note,  1  ft  line,  ^i/#»,  proevient. 
«%4.  In  the  note,  hii  line  but  one,  bribe,  pro  bride. 
JS5  Line  i4tb,  yj/d,  not,  Alcybyades. 
134.  L  ne  6ih,  has  tlie  privilege,  not,  have. 
146  Line  nth.  Among  the  many ^  not, them  any* 
J70  Line  nth,  oi'/'^r^dcftroying,  pro  were. 
17-.-  8  hours,  &c.        ^ 
24-—  50  miles. 
25—  19  hours, 
iisa  X.ine  7th,  Princas,  pro  prinrefs. 
•54  Line  ift,  CuerrUrs,  not,  Guerrieni* 


Military 


X 


) 


^^._^_.^— .jj._.,jl-f— l|l-—. ^— ^— ^— A. 


0« 


T 


— ^•— ^ — ij — ^ 


""••«"—— •■K"—-'>i""--"M-'--'n---— "«•••-— •«•■-% 


Military   Conftitution, 


VEGETIUS  tells  us,  <*  Tisim- 
pradticable.  to  difcipline  troops 
well,  whofe  military  conflitution 
is  bad  ',  nor  is  every  country  capable  of 
a  good  one ;  and  in  proportion  only  as 
the  civil  and  military  arc  congenial." 
Ours,  perhaps,  is  an  exception  to  the 
above  remark  5  for  though  it  be  the 
worfl  on  the  globe,  yet  what  ftate  has 
produced  abler  generals,  or  better  fol- 
diers?  coniidering  then*  that  the  Ro- 
mans conquered  the  world  without  {land- 
ing forces,  but  by  troops  raifed  occa- 
fionally,  it  mud  have  been  by  the  ex*, 
cellence  of  difcipline,  and  this  from  the 
goodnefs  of  their  military  conftitution, 
according  to  the  obfervation  aforemen- 
tioned, 

B  Anp 


Pi 


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Il 


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I ''■I 


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liliiii 


(  ■  ) 

Akd  it  appears  further  that  the  civil 
and  military  conftitution  of  Rome  (as 
the  founders  of  that  city)  were  Twins 
fo  alike,  that  every  citizen  was  a  foldicr, 
every  foldier  a  citizen ;  nor  were  any 
capable  of  a  civil,  fcarcc  an  cccleliaftical 
employment,  who  had  not  ferved  fo 
many  campaigns ;  and  when  they  folli- 
cited  cither,  their  wounds  were  recom- 
mendations.' The  annual  magidratea 
prelided  in  city  or  camp,  according  to 
lot ;  every  legion  had  it's  fcnate  :  courts 
of  juflice  and  police  were  held  in  the 
field  as  in  the  capitol. 

If  the  Romans  cou'd  conquer  without 
ftanding  acmies,  by  virtue  and  vigor  of 
this  excellent  conftitution,  but  not  pre- 
serve thofe  conquefts  with  thoufands  of 
regulars  who  had  loft  all  regard  to  it, 
we  may  wonder  much  the  caufe  has  not 
been  more  fought  after,  as  it  is  a  known 
truth,  "  that  the  Emperors,  who  were 

capable  of  reviving  the  firft  fyftem, 

protraded  the  fate  of  the  empire  fo 

long  as  it  was  adhered  to." 


<( 


4C 


4t€ 


Though  It  be  a  great  advantage  to 
have  ?  good  military  conftitutiotj,  yet 
troops  often  exercifed  in  war  muft  excel 
-  thofe 


t     3     ) 

ihofc  that  arc  but  rarely  employed;  this 
i$  one  rcafon  why  Icgins  occafionally 
levied,  and  conftantly  kept  on  fervice 
while  they  flood,  were  better  than  (land- 
ing forces  enervated  by  a  long  peace* 

Anciently  war  and  politics  were  not 
fcparate  profeilions  ;  Phocion  endeavour- 
ed to  bring  it  to  this  again  at  Athens  ^ 
but  at  Rome,  Minerva  was  no  Icfs  re- 
vered as  politic  than  as  military,  and  the 
officers  no  lefs  (iiligent  to  fludy  the  art 
of  governing,  than  that  of  conquering 
States ;  for  they,  from  a  concurrence  of 
circumdances  excelled  us  in  the  art  of 
war. 


■*).       .J 


Kv 


I  ft.  Filial  obedience,  fo  early  in- 
culcated and  univerfally  efteemed  among 
them,  wa«  equally  required  and  regarded 
in  all  other  relative  fubordination^  civil 
and  military,  and  a  main  caufe  of  fucceis 
in  their  arms. 

2d.  Their  civil  and  military  govern- 
ment were  fo  happily  blended  together, 
that  magiftratcs  were  generals  and  officers 
in  the  camp ;  the  general  and  officers 
were  magiftrates  in  town  -,  which  feems 
a  principal  reafpn  why  they   won  the 

B  2  world 


«' 


iP^ 


I 


'(  %  ^ 

...  •  . 

%orld  Without,  and  loft  it  with  regular^, 

in    which    this    concurrence  no   longer 

exiftcd. 

^d.  Their  manner  of  living,  therr 
education  gave  them  a  fuperiority  in 
martial  feats;  fewer  things  were  neeef- 
fary  for  their  fuftenarice;  they  were  more 
frugal,  "Xheir  iludics  and  cxercifes  more 
ufeful  and  manly  than  outf  :  all  which 
produced  a  clearer  aud  more  certain 
knowledge  in  the  fpeculative,  and  more 
addrefs  in  the  adtive  war. 


«( 


^4 


Both  Greeks  and  Rortian?;  had  the 
advantage  of  good  military  conflitutionsf, 
the  energy  of  which  confifted  in  perfed: 
'dhediencc,  the  pure,  never-failing  Source 
of  difcipline.  Xenophon  fays,  **  whom^ 
*«  foever  you  appoint  to  command,  be  af- 
fiired  I  will  obey;  for  he  that  oppofes 
his  general  in  matters  of  war,  oppofes 
*'  his  own  fafety.'*  The  delicacy  of  Lu-*- 
cullus,  with  regard  to  obedience,  is  re- 
Tnarkable,  in  declining  to  go  to  fee  the 
wonders  of  Memphis.  Caefar,  rather 
than  purfue  the  Swifs,  though  greatly 
to  his  advantage  at  that  time,  made  the 
fignal  to  defift,  becaufe  continuing  to 
follow  might  have  reduced  his  army  to 
^-  ■■  '  a  fcarcity 


A  fcarcity  of  corn;  and  in  Britain  he 
ceafcd  the  purfuit  on  another  occafion, 
kft  he  might  hazard  lying  in  the  field 
without  intrehching  the  camp;  both 
which  were  breaches  of  difcipline:  great 
care  was  alfo  taken  to  prevent  idlcncfs, 
that  parent  of  vice  and  difeafe,  more 
deftrudlive  to  armies  than  ficknels  I 

The  fate  of  empires  dependson  the 
fortune  of  war ;  fuccefs  in  arms  on 
difcipline;  good  difcipline  makes  good 
foldiers  ;  good  coft  no  more  than  bad ; 
and  fewer*  will  do,  which  is  oeconomy. 
But.  the  impradlicability  of  having  good 
troops  in  a  bad  military  conflitution,  is 
a  confideration  totally  overlooked  by  the 
moderns !  the  Grecian  ftates,  on  every 
check  or  fuccefs  in  war  (the  citizens  all 
concerned  in  the  adminiftration)  made 
careful  enquiry  into  the  caufe  thereof : 
what  fault  in  their  condudt  had  procured 
the  one,  or  excellency  in  th^ir  conftit^i- 
tion,  the  other. 

B  3  The 

•  Small  armies  have  decided  the  greateft  events. 
Ciefar  had  but  2200omen  at  Pharfalia;  Pompey  more 
than  twice  that  number,  yet  apprehended  an  engage- 
ment, becaufe  the  troops  of  his  rival  were  more 
experienced  and  better  difciplined  than  h'.j  own  ;  ufed 
to  conqueft,  and  were  invincible  when  they  fought 
tOjjether,  from  a  confidence  in  each  othtr,— -the  fu reft 

pledge 


'■it'  ' 


13 


,.j..r 


j'f " 


(     6     ) 

This  fepubllc  of  Rome  had  armies  al 
command  without  keeping  them  ftand« 
ing ;  and  their  troops  juft  levied  were 
fooner  fit  for  any  fervicc  in  war  than 
thofe  of  other  nations  :  they  were  better 
than  the  regulars  of  Philip  or  Antiochus^ 
owing  entirely  to  the  excellence  of  the 
military  conftitution,  which  was  of  fuch 
efficacy  when  exadly  obferved,  and  as 
often  as  revived,  that  the  foldier  was 
invincible  when  the  general  was  not 
overmatched. 


|ii;!i! 


PoLYBius,  fpeaking  of  the  fiege  of 
Agrigeiitum,  fays,  **  the.  Sortie  was  fo 
**  luddea  and  impetuous  that  the  Romans 
**  had  been  forced  into  their  camp,  but  for 
'*  that  admirable  difcipline  of  their  fol- 
**  diers,  which  had  faved  them  fo  often!'* 
Caefar  feems  co  exprefs  as  much  with 
regard  to  the  excellency  and  efficacy  of 
the  military  conftitution,  by  the  words 
**  fcientia  atque  ujus  militumJ*  And  again, 

"  quid 

pledge  of  viftory.  They  v.ho  have  a  regard  for  onc- 
another  are  generally  vidlorious ;  always  deferving  to 
be  fo. 

Miltkdes  had  only  10,000  men  at  Maxathon. 

Epaminondas  6oco  at  Leu^ra. 

Themiiloclcs  200  Gallies  at  Salaniig. 

GonfalvuS^'  yety  few  at  the  pafl'age  of  Garillan ; 
againft  others  inAnitely  more  numerous. 

Xerxes  with  hundreds  of  thoufands,  could  not  force 
the  pafs  of  Thermoypylac,  defended  only  by  300  Greeks. 


I;    !  'il 


<    7    ) 

*'  quid  populi  Romani  difciplina  atque 
"  opespqff'unt  /"  What  Plutarch  fays  of 
Pompey  is  Hill  more  wonderful ;  '«  that 
he,  a  private  man  without  authority, 
cou'd  raife  three  legions  and  take  the 
field  with  them,  fo  well  equipt  in  fo 
ihort  a  time !" 


The  famous  partizan  St.  Croix,  did 
very  extraordinary  things  with  his  free 
company,  con  lifting  of  between  three 
and  four  hundred  men  ;  but  never  could 
perform  the  like  with  the  fame  number 
of  volunteers  taken  from  the  fcveral  corps 
of  (he  army  :  that  they  were  indeed  men 
and  foldiers  like  others,  but  with  this 
difference,  they  had  not  the  fame  Subor- 
dination as  if  they  had  all  belonged  to 
a  commander  to  whom  they  were  attach- 
ed; for 'tis  certain  a  foldier  doing  duty 
from  his  own  company  never  performs  it 
with  the  fame  refolution  as  with  his  ufual 
comrades. 


.•■<>.■•    ■  -i-  i-T 


'Tis  an  inconteftible  maxim  in  war 
(fays  Saxe)  that  every  troop  which  is 
not  fuftained,  is  beaten ;  and  fo  is  an 
army  that  is  taken  in  flank :  for  every 
man  that  thinks  he  is  not  fupported, 
adts  timidly.     Men  cannot  place   that 

contidenca 


'  *i''^-"^*^ 


^1 


h^i: 


(8     ) 

confidenc-  in  one  another,  and  officers 
they  don't  know,  as  in  thofe  they  are 
ufed  to  and  have  a  regard  for ;  of  courfe 
it  will  be  greater  among  a  number  in  one 
corps,  than  among  the  fame  number 
from  feveral  bodies :  however  detach--' 
ments  may  be  made  from  large  armies 
(as  occafion  requires)  without  prejudice 
to  this  regard  and  confidence. 

But  it  is  quite  otherwife  when  four 
or  five  battalions  are  united  in  one  bri- 
gade, although  they  fpeak  the  famelan-* 
guage,  and  have  the  fame  beat  of  drum, 
which  is  not  always  the  cafe.  Great 
corps  are  firmer  in  difcipline,  and  pre- 
ferve  it  better  than  fmall  ones. 


It  fhould  be  confidered  and  deter- 
mined with  refped:  to  conftitution,  wiiv,- 
ther  large  bodies  (as  the  Roman  legion 
of  5000  men)  or  lefs  ones  (as  modern 
regiments)  contribute  mofl  to  the  uni- 
formity, exadtnefs  and  prefervation  of 
difcipline ;  ^0  union,  emulation,  confi- 
dence, oeconomy,  and  prevention  of 
punctilious  difputes  between  corps  :  or 
whether  armies  compofed  of  legions  or 
battalions,  have  the  advantage  in  march^ 
ing,  crimping  and  imbattling  ? 

The 


'Mr    lii: 


tit 


(  ^  ) 

'  The  Roman  foldiers  ufed  to  pitch 
upon  the  generals  they  thought  fitted 
to  .command;  for  they  knew  all  the 
candidates  from  having  often  ferved  un- 
der them,  and  were  feldom  miftaken  in 
their  choice  :  and  in  fome  parts  of  Eu- 
rope at  this  day,  when  men  are  fent  on 
parties  a  la  petite  guerre,  they  chufe, 
without  favor  or  afFedlion,  the  ableft 
among  them  for  their  leader. 

LivY  tells  us,  the  Conful  incamped 
within  a  thoufand  paces  of  the  enemy, 
but  declined  fighting,  becaufc  his  army 
juft  raifed  and  compofed  of  levies  from 
different  parts,  did  not  know  one  ano- 
ther fufficiently  to  place  confidence  in 
themfelves. 

There  feems  to  be  no  provifion  in' 
the  military  conftitution  of  the  moderns, 
to  make  men  vie  with  each  other,  which 
alone  can  exert  them  to  the  utmoft,  and 
improve  them  in  addrefs,  ftrcngth  and 
genius :  it  fhould  be  fo  moulded  as  to 
encourage  an  exertion  of  every  power 
of  body  and  mind  fpontaneoufly  in  the 
foldiery;  for  the  moft  and  beft  fervice 
is  that  which  is  done  voluntarily  :  but 
corporal  puniihments  never  produce  wil- 
ling 


m 


m 


.i:(ij'j 


4  '^'J 


.V*? 


'^^ 


w:^i 


m 


WM 


(    to    ) 

ling  deeds;  are  ever  odious  and  Icfs 
powerful  than  the  dread  of  ihame,  to 
fouls  feriible  of  glory ! 

When  people  can  be  brought  to  con- 
tend with  each  other  in  their  duty, 
neither  the  vigilance  of  the  officer,  or 
any  chaftifement  will  extra<fl  fuch  dili- 
gence from  them  as  this  emulation  ;  but 
the  pundlilious  altercations  which  too 
frequently  happen  to  the  hindrance  of 
the  fervicc,  often  to  the  prejudice  of  it, 
fhew  that  no  military  conftitution  now 
is  fo  contrived ;  but  the  Romans  were 
perfuaded  theirs  was  fo  compleat  that  it 
'  contributed  more  than  all  other  efforts 
to  the  fuccefs  of  their  arms :  nothing 
eflablifhed  a  general's  reputation  fo  much 
as  his  exadt  obfervance  of  it,  and  maki-^g 
the  troops  do  the  fame. 

Let  us  now  refle£l  upon  the  military 
eflablifhmcnts  of  Europe ;  the  conftitu- 
tion of  all  is  defedtive,  to  fay  no  more : 
witnefs  thofe  volumes  of  ordinances  in 
addition  to,  explanation  or  abolition  of, 
former  ones,  in  that  martial  people  the 
French  !  fo  that  it  feems  as  if  conftitu- 
tion had  never  been  thought  of  in  the 
formation  of  the  whole;  and  that  all 

warlike 


(  "  ) 

warlike  operations  partake  of  it's  defedl ! 
our  arms  are  fo  far  from  being  incon- 
fiftcnt  with  the  beft  military  confti^ution 
and  difcipline,  that  they  are  preicrablc 
to  thofc  of  the  ancieats :  theirs  were 
etninus'  et  cominus-,  we  have  combined 
both  with  greater  force  and  conveniency 
in  the  firelock  and  bayonet.  But  I  have 
fufficicntly  obferved  before,  'tis  imprac- 
ticable to  difcipline  troops  well,  as  to 
flrcngth,  activity,  fitnefs  for  fcrvice  in 
any  operations  of  time  or  place,  whofe 
military  conftitiuion  is  bad,  and  which 
is  not  contrived  to  imprefs  a  love  of  glory, 
create  emulation,  efiablifh  confidence, 
and  promote  union* 


v:  'W'i  ' ' 


HM 


■  ■■'■',*      > 


■.'■1.'?  .4  'Ji' 


1^^,^^ 
%*1^ 


^ 


LEGION. 


(      12      ) 


''I  i'  ;t'! 


LEGION. 

VEGETIUS,  in  rapture  with  the 
appointment  of  the  legion,  cries 
out,  "  a  God  had  invented  it  \"  nor  can 
we  refufe  it  our  admiration,  confidering 
how  fuddenly  the  Romans  raifed  armies, 
took  the  field  inftanlly  with  them  ready 
for  battle  and  prepared  to  fuftain  a  war  ! 
the  virtue  and  vigor  of  their  divine  con- 
flitution  confifled  in  obedience,  than 
which  nothing  was  more  facred !  they 
made  it  the  firft  ftep  to  preferment,  and 
a  fure  recommendation  to  the  higheft 
civil  or  military  ftationsjand  difobedi- 
ence  a  bar  to  either  :  no  tranfgreflion 
was  mor^e  certainly  or  fcverely  punifhed; 
as  obedience  was  the  foundation,  difci- 
pline  the  caufe,  of  fuccefs  in  arms  :  and 
their  troops  occaiionally  raifed  were  fo 
immediately  fit  for  fervice,  and  equal  in 
worth  to  the  ftanding  forces  of  Kings, 
For  this  admirable  eflablilhment  was 
founded  on  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
nature,  and  efi^edlually  contrived  to  beget 
and  nourifli  the  tetnpers  mofl  defirable 
in  military  corps,  viz. 

Love  of  Glory, 

Emulation, 

Confidence  in  themfelves,  one  ano- 
.*.  ther. 


lifli 


;.;t'l 


(    r^3    ) 

thef,  and  officers  (the  furefl  pledges'  of 
vidlory  and  union)  which  flrengthen 
armies  more  than  thoufands  ;  cities  more 
than  walls  :  but  the  means  of  begetting 
and  nourishing  thofe  qualities  in  all  not 
fo  certain,  as  fome  are  more  remarkable 
for  them  than  others  ;  but  the  conftitu*. 
tion  of  the  Romans  eifFcdled  thcfe  purpo- 
ifes  with  greater  fuccefs  than  any  other : 
by  it,  the  gentry  were  to  ferve  all  toge- 
ther in  the  cavalry  'till  made  tribunes  in 
ithe  legions  j  the  commonalty  in  the 
infantry  'till  they  came  to  be  centurions 
of  one  of  the  three  orders  of  foldiers, 
and  of  courfe  tribunes  fellows  ;  but  'till 
then,  all  ftruggle  for  preferment  between 
them  was  prevented.  As  noble  revenge 
and  emulation  are  of  equals  on  equal 
terms,  both  one  and  the  other  ferved  in 
the  ranks  'till  merit  diftinguifhed  and 
preferred  them,  as  regifters  of  their 
actions  were  kept  by  every  legion  for  the 
purpofe ;  which  created  fuch  a  defirc  of 
glory  that  exerted  every  power  of  body 
and  mind  in  officers  and  foldiers,  and 
made  the  worth  of  every  one  known : 
this  knowledge  gave  confidence  in  one 
another  and  their  officers;  conftant  la- 
bour and  exercife,  confidence  in  them- 
fclves. 

This 


■i  '-,1 


m 


ii.'n:-' 


(    H    ) 

ThIs  vie  for  promotion  made  every 
private  man  keep  fo  ftridt  an  eye  on  his 
own  and  behaviour  of  others,  that  no 
admonition  or  attention  of  officers  could 
have  effeded  ;  for  rank  was  only  obtain- 
able by  defert ;  and  the  door  to  the 
higheft  employment  being  opened  to 
the  plebeians,  (by  preventing  all  emula- 
tion between  them  and  the  gentry,  *till 
both  were  on  an  equal  footing)  fed  them 
with  the  moft  flattering  hopes  I  to  which 
that  remarkable  patience  of  labour,  and 
obflinacy  in  ftfife,  were  owing.  Obliging 
all  (without  exception)  to  ferve  in  the 
ranks  'till  called  out  by  merit,  formed 
them  to  perfect  obedience,  (that  pure 
fource  of  difcipline)  on  which  fucccfa 
fo  abfolutely  depends  ! 

:,The  pains  of  making  good  foldiers 
were  thought  to  little  purpofe,  if  care 
was  not  taken  to  preferve  them  ;  to  ef- 
fedt  which  the  utmoft  fkill  and  huma- 
nity were  extended  to  the  fick  and 
wounded :  and  as  want  was  deemed  a 
principal  caufe  of  difeafe,  the  general 
was  to  anfwer  that  the  army  never  had  a 
fcarcity  of  corn,  and  to  order  the  troops 
before  they  entered  on  a<5tion  to  prepare 

for 


iiilii 


i  ! 


.Mill 


(    »5    ) 

for  it,  by  taking  reft  and  nouri(hment|^ 
for  the  accidents  that  befel  particulars 
were  reckoned  among  the  loffes  of  the 
Public,  and  imputed  to  him ;  the  honor  || 
done  thofc  who  faved  a  citizen's  life  in 
battle,  faved  many  an  ufeful  one  to  the 
ftate. 

The  firft  legion  confiftcd  of  3000 
foot,  and  was  the  whole  Roman  army 
at  that  time;  it  had  all  the  armaments 
belonging  to  one,  as  a  body  of  horfe, 
train  of  artillery,  &c.  which  were  conti- 
nued to  every  fubfequent  legion  though 
the  number  of  men  varied  according  to 
the  importance  of  the  war,  and  increafed 
to  four,  five,  nay  to  6000  5  but  whatever 
was  it's  eftablifhment,  the  foldiers  were 
diftributed  into  three  clafles,  called,  ^r/;>- 
dfes,  haftati  and  triariif  each  of  which 
was  divided  into  ten  manipules  or  com- 
panies ;  the  whole  legion  into  ten  cohorts 
or  battalions,  confifting  of  one  company 
of  each  of  the  three  orders  of  foldiers, 
which  in  the  beginning  were  differently 

weaponed, 

•  Ulyflcs  fays  to  Achilles,  don't  lead  your  men  fad- 
ing to  attack  the  enemy ;  for  if  their  courage  does  not 
.fail  them,  their  (Irength  will  if  long  under  arms : 
inftances  of  which  vv«  find  in  the  battle  of  Trebia,  and 
■others. 

11  They  were  honored  with  a  civic  crown. 


ii 


•1,1-,  .:i.  I  ■ 


'm 


mm 


4 


l!  'i* 


III 


^ 


(  »«  ) 

^*veaponed,  but   in    the   crtd   all    armed 
alike,  except  the   triarii,   who  retained 
their  half  pikes,  which  they  ufed  with 
botli  hands j  the  other  two  orders  had 
javelins   to  throw  at  the  enemy.     Every 
manipule  carried  an  enlign,  every  cohort 
a  ftandard,  and  the  legion  an  eagle.    The 
officers  were  fix  tribunes,  with  an  aqui- 
lifcr  or  eagle-bearer  j  30  firfi;  centurions; 
30  fecond  centurions   and    vexilifers  or 
cnfign   carriers ;  fo  that  the  number   of 
,men   only    fludtuated,   the  other  confti- 
tuent  parts  never  varied  during  the  time 
of  the  republic.    Every  man  of  the  army 
rwas  an  engineer  and  pioneeri  by  which 
means  the  works  were  fooner  and  better 
done;  for  each  individual  had  an  expe- 
rimental knowledge  in  all  military  ope- 
rations, as   their  admirable  confi;itution 
intended  he  fhould.     See  how  inventive 
and  indufi:rious  the  foldiers  were  at  the 
fiege  of  Marfeilles,  and  how  Csefar  (who 
excelled  in  every  martial  branch)   aded 
as  engineer  himfelf  at  Aiife, 

The  foldiery,  in  their  civil  capacity, 
chofe  the  magiflrates,  confequently  the 
generals  who  were  to  command  the 
troops,  of  the  commonwealth  ;  the  con*- 
fuls  chofe  the  tribunes  for  the  legions, 

and 


(    '7    ) 

ftnd  the  people  frequently  a  part  of  them  ; 
the  tribunes  chofe  the  centurions,  and 
thefe  the  officers  inferior  to  them,  pro- 
vided the  parties  eleded  had  ferved  fo 
many  campaigns.  The  choice  being  in 
thofe  who  were  perfedly  acquainted  with 
the  abilities  and  merit  of  thechofen,  and 
whofe  intereft  it  was  not  to  eledt  ami  Is, 
with  fome  other  fundamentals,  made  the 
Roman  milita«'y  conflitution  the  moft 
perfedt  of  any ;  and  gave  them  fuch  ad- 
vantages in  war,  that  no  power  in  arms 
lince  has  been  capable  of. 

The  reputation  of  the  Roman  legion, 
put  Francis  the  ill  of  France,  on.  form- 
ing corps  upon  the  fame  plan,  and  giv- 
ing them  that  appellation,  in  hopes  they 
might  be  as  virtual;  nay  there  is  a 
fcheme  by  an  officer  of  merit,  for  con- 
verting the  whole  French  infantry  into 
legions :  nothing  is  ealier  than  to  give  four 
or  five  thoufand  men  th?  name,  but  nobo- 
dy has  thought  of  providing  any  military 
eftablifhment  of  the  moderns,  with  the 
animal  fpirit  and  oeconomy  that  actu- 
ated the  Romans  during  the  fplendour 
of  the  republic,  by  which  they  fubdued 
the  world ;  but  loft  all  in  the  time  of 
the  emperors,   with  legions  of  legions 

C  who 


Xi 


.■*•■ 


I  r . '-'/  %',  I 

,■,'■.•  ■•■IN 


■^W^'H 


i 


¥' 

r 


1  ' 


\Mr 


4 


f 


(    tZ    ) 

who  all  wore  whiikers,  and  had  entirely 
fupprcfled  the  animal  fpirit  and  occo-» 
nomy  which  Simulated  the  republicam 
legions,  without  which  the  name  and 
image  were  inefFedual !  'tis  natural  to  afk 
here  what  this  elTence  was  that  wrought 
fuch  wonderful  effeds,  it  was  a  contri- 
vance that  confequently  produced  union, 
emulation  and  confidence;  and  framed 
them  to  perfedt  and  ready  obedience, 
which  is  the  bafis  of  difcipline^ 

This  alfo  will  prove  how  irrcfiftiWe 
fuch  a  clofe  compadl  body  of  infantry 
(where  every  man  is  fure  of  being  afiift- 
ed  by  his  neighbour)  is  to  the  loofe  irre- 
gular attacks  of  a  multitude,  where  no 
one  has  any  reliance  on  another  >  there- 
fore the  common  apprehenlion  of  our 
teaching  the  Indians  to  beat  us,  is  void 
of  foundation ;  not  that  they  want  natu- 
ral courage,  but  becaufe  they  have  no 
real  motive  that  unites,  no  military  con- 
ftitution  and  difcipline  that  regulate,  awe 
or  encourage  them.  Men,  that  have  no 
dependnece  but  on  the  ilrength  of  their 
own  arms,  are  more  cautious,  never  fo 
daring  as  when  every  one  is  certain  of 
being  feconded  by  his  comrade. 

Romulus, 


(    '9    } 

Romulus,  his  legion  confifted  of 
3000  foot  J  each  of  the  three  clafles  of 
loldicrs  of  1000,  and  each  manipulc  of 
100.  Folybius  dcfcribcs  one  of  4200, 
as  follows, 

Principes,         ■  1 200 

Haflati,  —         1 200 

Vclites,         »  1200 

Triarii,  confequently         600 


■ '  "I 


.1  ''■■ 


4200 

from  whence  we  may  conjedture  the 
triarii  were  confined  to  half  the  num- 
ber of  the  others  -,  but  leaving  out  the 
light  infantry,  and  fuppoling  the  vete- 
rans always  600,  the  remaining  3600 
will  divide  equally  rmong  the  other 
twenty  companies  of  the  legion,  and 
did  fo  when  it  was  augmented  to  6000 
men :  belidcs  confidering  the  arms  of 
and  ufe  the  triarii  were  intended  for ; 
and  that  they  were  always  compleated 
from  the  other  two  orders  of  foldiers, 
it  wou'd  make  them  too  ftrong  to  exceed 
600,  and  the  other  clalTes  too  weak ; 
and  in  fadl  the  velites  were  dropped  as 
foon  as  the  Romans  perceived  that  it 
was  better  to  employ  the  light  troops 
of  other  nations  than  their  own.  That 
knowing  they  employed  none  but   citi* 

C  2  zens 


a.*. 


■.■'.''r*',ik' 


H-\'- 


im  -iiiv 


iK;: 


(      20     ) 

2cns  and  allies  in  their  armies,  yet  hav- 
ing feen  in  their  camps  ftrangers  that 
were  light  armed,*  he  had  therefore  fent 
them  a  thoufand  archers  and  ilingers  to 
oppofe  rhe  Balearii  and  Moors  of  Han- 
nibal. 


i^A 


In  a  large  body  of  people  more  geni- 
ufcs,  talents  and  difpofitions,  will  be 
found  than  in  a  lefs.  At  the  time  of 
the  inflitution  of  the  legion,  there  were 
iixty  plebeian  families  for  one  patrician; 
the  difference  in  number  between  one 
order  and  the  other,  is  greater  among 
us  than  H  was  among  the  Romans,  but 
our  private  foldier  is  not  fo  encouraged 
to  merit,  or  fo  certain  of  preferment, 
fhou*d  he  deferve  it,  as  theirs.  This  is 
the  rock  we  fplit  upon  !  for  neither  our 
officers  or  rnen  can  ever  be  fo  ufeful  to 
the  public  as  they  might,  if  emulation 
was  as  much  encouraged,  judicioufly 
managed,,  and  well  rewarded  as  in  the 
legion  :  this  would  make  the  worth  of 
every  one  known,  a  teft  abfolutely  ne- 
celTary  among  us :  capacities  and  abilities- 
would  then  be  difcovered,  fit  to  com- 
mand thegreatefl  enterprizes,  inperfons, 

who 


*  See  LIvy,  lib.  22,  page  37, 


(  "  ) 

who  from  our  fyftei-n  feldorn  get  highet 
than  captains  of  companies  ! 


An<:iently  all  freemen  without  ex- 
ception, were  obliged  to  fervc  in  the 
war;  and  in  France  at  this  day  no  lady 
of  family  will  confent  to  receive  the  ad- 
drefTes  of  a  gentleman  that  has  not  made 
a  campaign.  Men  of  birth  and  fortune 
that  afpire  at  command,  Ihould  fludy 
morals,  politics,  geometry  and  theories 
of  war ;  but  too  many  go  into  the  Ser- 
vice from  a  fpirit  of  liber tinifm  !  and  this 
fpirit  is  even  flattered  iii  beating  up 
for,  and  raifing  recruits ;  witnefs  ferjeant 
KiteV  fpecch,  and  the  French  dragoon 
march!!!  the  ancients  abhorred  fuch 
means !  rewarded,  promoted  and  ho-j 
nored  them,  and  them  only  actuated 
by  Boble  and  commendable  motives, 
Whicl)  of  thefe  is  mofl  to  be  depended 
upon? 


mi 


CBnsidering  an  army  as  a  body  of 
men  animated  by  a  number  of  various 
pafTions,  'tis  a  confufed  multitude  of 
libertines  to   be   taught   obedience  -,   of 

C  3  rafl) 

II  Les  Dragons  n'ont  point  d'argent, 

Pour  entrer  en  Campagnel 
]Les  Paifans  nous  en  fourniront,  ^ 

£t  Nous  baiferons  leurs  femmes !  &,'C. 


m 


m 


i  ili, . 


«m 


w,i 


1 1' 


j|';:?( 


(      22      )  ^ 

tafli  to  be  retrained;  of  bafhful  to  be 
encouraged;  of  impatient  to  be  inured  to 
the  greatefl  fufferings :  what  prudence, 
what  abilities  muft  a  man  have  who 
condudls  and  unites  fuch  different  views 
and  wills  to  the  fole  intereft  of  the  pub- 
lic !  what  his  cares  and  difficulties  in  the 
mean  time !  all  which  would  be  pre-» 
vented,  removed  and  furmoiinted  by  a 
\ycll  contrived  military  eftablifliment. 

'  None  but  citizens  and  fuch  as  had 
land,  were  chofen  or  admitted  into  tha 
legion;  flaves  and  impreffed  men  were 
deftined  to  the  navy.  The  privileges 
cf  a  legionary  foldier  were,  "  that  every 
*'  one  of  them  was  capable  of  any  pre- 
*'  ferment;  had  a  right  to  pay;  a  (hare 
**  in  booty  and  military  rewar-ds,  and 
*'  qualified  to  make  a  will  in  the  life 
**  time  of  his  father :  what  he  gained 
**  by  the  fword  was  not  fubjedt  to  par- 
*'  tition,  as  part  of  the  goods  or  eftate  of 
*'  his  parents ;  neither  could  he  be  called 
**  to  appear  before  a  magiftrate,  or  any 
*.*  other  but  his  officer,  while  under  his 
*^  military  oath  :"  yet  neither  this,  or 
any  other  priviledge  was  any  way  pre- 
judicial while  the  republic  had  no /land- 
ing armies,   but  turned  to  great  abufe 

afterwards. 


(    23    ) 

afterwards,  according  to  Juvenal !  Caefar 
offers  to  make  Cicero  one  of  his  legates 
in  Gaul,  to  fcreen  him  from  a  profe- 
cution! 

Thc  army  was  furnifhed  with  corn 
for  man  and  horfe  by  the  general,  before 
pay  was  allowed  to  the  foldier,  who  then 
ierved  at  his  perfonal  expence,  as  all  had 
lands  of  their  own 5  but  ftoppages  were 
made  from  this  fubfiftence  money,  for 
certain  things.  Their  officers  were  few, 
but  they  were  highly  authorized  in  their 
feveral  ftations  in  every  thing  relating  to 
the  fervice.  In  all  that  regarded  military 
duties  they  were  fevere ;  gentle  and  fa- 
miliar with  the  fellow  citizens,  and  a 
kind  of  equality  fubfifted  with  the  power 
of  commanding. 

Holding  two  military  employments 
at  one  time  was  difcountcnanced  among 
them,  as  it  occafioned  difcontent,  maim- 
ed the  fervice  and  created  an  abufe ! 
Ariftotlc,  in  his  republic,  is  againft  plu- 
ralities in  civil  affairs,  for  reafons  therein 
given,  and  to  ftrengthen  them  with  pre-* 
cedents,  fays,  <*  they  were  never  allowed 
**  in  either  the  army  or  navy:'*  and  Cicero 

tells 


m^rm 


1 


■Mw 


11 


''Mm 


$mi0 


i 


H 


i'.i] 


■m 


t     24    ')     • 

tells  us,  it  was  contrary  to  law  to  cxer-«' 
cife  two  callings  at  once. 

Formerly  generals,  at  the  head  of 
legions,  had  more  unlimited  powers  in 
the  field  than  ours.  We  know  what  a 
vaft  advantage  kings,  who  command  their 
own  forces  in  perfon,  have  over  thofe 
headed  by  a  fubje'r.  though  equal  in 
every  thing  elfe  except  this  power.  No 
general  commanded  two  armies  5  no  ad- 
miral two  fleets. 

•*■■'» 

The  ancients  prepared  for  war  by  giv- 
ing the  youth  a  mafculine  and  robuft 
•education  ;  for  there  is  an  art  of  form-' 
ing  the  body  as  well  as  the  mind,  of 
which  indolence  hath  deprived  us  I  but 
they  ftudied  and  pradi fed  races  on  horfe- 
back  and  foot;  fwimming  themfelves 
and  horfcs ;  leaping  fi'ngly,  and  by  ranks 
on  foot  and  horfeback;  making  long 
marches  with  heavy  burthens:  thefe  were 
their  fports,  paftimes  and  fhews.  Their 
military  conftitution  was  {o  wifely  fram- 
ed, that  much  lefs  fervice  in  war,  than 
what  is  now  necelTary  to  make  good  fol- 
dicrs,  made  tl^em  fo ;  and  all  other  parts 
of  the  gymnaftic  or  paleflra,  that  did  not 
tend  to  give  the  body  folid  ftrength  with 

robuft 


{      25      ) 

robuft  health,  were  totally  defpifedj; 
therefore  mulic  was  regarded  not  only 
as  ufclefs  but  pernicious,  as  it  foftened 
the  mind.  The  Lacedemonians  allow- 
ed the  meafures  of  Terpandcr  only  in 
dancing. 

So  long  as  the  Romans  preferred  their 
military  fyftem,  they  improved  in  the 
fcience  of  war  proportionably  as  they 
did  in  letters,  comparing  the  times  of 
Cat.illui:,  Papyrius  Curfor,  Scipio,  Sylla 
and  Caefar :  after  Auguftus's  days  it  was 
negledted ;  now  and  then  revived,  *till 
(like  brewed  wine)  there  was  nothing 
lefs  than  the  juice  of  the  grape  in  the 
mixture  :  at  laft  the  military  conftitution 
died,  and  with  it  difcipline  perifhed  I 


..     /'ArtiiA.i, 


I 


site, 


LEVIES. 


■'W\ 


-/for 


(     26    ) 


LEVI  E  S. 


Im 


•j.i 


4 


THE  moderns  diflribute  thcfe  in* 
to  troops,  companies,  battalions, 
/quadrons  and  brigades  5  every  one  of 
which  (hould  confili:  of  the  fame  nuqiber 
of  officers  and  men ;  for  it  is  by  no 
liieans  indifferent  what  that  number  is  ; 
chance,  or  mere  imitation  fhould  not 
determine  it,  but  rcafon  and  experience 
only  with  regard  to  convenience  and 
advantage  in  evpluting,  marching,  in^ 
camping,  &c. 

Great  corps  arc  thought  more  ca- 
pable of  difcipiine,  to  preferve  it  better 
and  lefs  fubjetSl:  to  accidents  than  fmall 
ones;  during  the  republic,  her  legions 
were  flronger  or  weaker,  according  to 
the  neccffity  of  the  times ;  if  we  then 
prefer  large  bodies,  by  formin  '  batta^ 
lions  into  brigades  the  moment  they  take 
the  field,  why  not  make  regiments  equal 
to  them  at  once  ?  there  would  be  this 
advantage  in  it,  "  they  would  have  con^ 
**  fidence  in  each  other  and  their  offi-- 
**  cers,"  which  docs  not  always  happen 

in 


(     27     ) 

in  brigades.  The  Grecian  phalanx*  ex- 
ceeded the  Roman  legion  in  number,  as 
much  as  the  latter  (which  in  the  meri-» 
dian  of  difciplinc  in  Cacfar's  time  was 
5000)  did  our  battalions :  four  of  which 
however  at  800  men  each  (grenadiers 
and  light  infantry  being  detached)  com- 
pofe  irrefiftible  bodies,  fufficiently  pow- 
erful to  bear  down  all  before  them. 

After  a  certain  number  of  years  in 
war,  a  Roman  could  not  be  compelled 
to  fervc  any  longer,  but  might  inlifl 
himfelf  again  -,  the  French  have  adopted 
this  fyflem,  and  many  think  were  we 
to  follow  the  fame  plan  our  army  would 
be  fpeedier  and  better  recruited  ;  for 
feveral,  after  a  five  or  feven  years  feeing 
the  world,  would  enroll  again  ;  and  they 
that  inclined  to  return  home,  by  recount- 
ing their  exploits  and  rewards,  would  fo 
influence  the  peafantry,  that  upon  a  royal 
proclamation,  we  fhould  foon  fee  our 
corps  voluntarily  compleated  with  the 
flower  of  the  three  kingdoms. 

What  Diodorus  relates  of  a  Mace- 
donian  argyrafpides  of  3000  men  is   a 

little 

•  Properly  fignifies  a  Body  of  Macedonian  Foot 
(i6,GOo  in  Number)  drawn  up  in  y^ity  clofe  Order, 
armed  with  Shield  and  Spear. 


^'(^•^ 


Ml  '.y 


':<l^f^ 


■  ;^in: 


*!,?K^I 


i 


:t« 


i4'  '  '„' ' 


's;-r"!.i 


1    '  : 


|i  I 


il!r 


(  28   ) 

little  marvellous !  he  makes  the  youngeft 
of  them  to  be  fixty  years  of  age !  the 
greater  part  70,  and  feme  older  !  that 
they  were  vigorous  and  irrefiftible  in 
fight,  matchlel's  in  fkill  and  dexterity 
from  long  pradlice  with  dangers  they 
had  efcaped.  Caefar's  flory  of  Craftinus 
fcems  a  breach  of  difcipline,  'till  it  is 
better  explained.  Read  what  Tacitus 
relates  of  the  courage  of  Cecina  from 
forty  years  fervice  in  the  war ! 

During  the  commonwealth,  the  fol- 
dier  was  ported  in  the  legion  according 
to  merit;  rofe  by  it,  or  was  pafTed  over 
by  greater  3  fize  at  that  time  was  out  of 
the  queftion,  though  fo  much  regard  was 
paid  to  it  then,  that  they  entered  none 
under  5  feet  10  inches,  except  in  cafes 
of  extremitv  :  but  that  in  Roman  mea- 
fure  is  not  quite  5  feet  7I  in  English  :* 
fix  feet  ih  thofe  days  was  leckoned  a 
very  high  ftature,  and  hardly  anfwered 
to  our  5  feet  9^.  Some  of  the  empe- 
rors preferred  fize  to  merit;  moderns 
have  done  it  (ince :  but  if  it  fhould  be 
made  a  requifite,  there  are  fo  few  of  a 
privileged  height,  that  armies,  in  war 
time,  could  neither  be  compofed  of^ 
or  recruited  by  fuch.  De 

f  Tlie  Roman  foot  is  to  the  Britiili  as  3  q  to  29,  nearly, 


(    29    ) 

De  toute  taille  bon  levrier.  Health, 
hardinefs  with  a  difpolition  to  the  bu- 
iinefs,  any  of  thefc  is  preferable  to  fiz;e 
without  one  of  them :  hufbandmen,  of 
all  others,  make  the  befl:  foldiers,  being 
more  acftive,  obedient,  enduring  of  grea- 
ter fatigue,  and  thinking  lefs  harm  than 
the  bourgeois  \  befides  their  manner  of 
life  is  more  conformable  to  a  foldier's 
in  the  field  than  that  of  any  other. 

As  all  men  were  rcgiflcred  to  ferve  in 
the  war,  confequently  all  fizes  were  taken 
'  formerly ;  they  that  are  enamoured  with 
tall  armies,  and  they  that  prefer  numbers 
to  worth,  both  think  the  fame  way  (i.  c.) 
wrong !  for  military  endov/ments  and 
acquirements  are  not  confined  to  fize,  or 
vidtory  to  numerous  bodies. 

They,  who  don't  care  to  admit  or 
retain  any  one  in  their  troops  that  mea- 
fures  more  about  the  waift  than  the  chefl, 
fay,  '*  that  a  prominent  belly  is  a  {\gvi  of 
floth  and  intemperance  :"  that  all  excefs 
of  body  or  mind  is  a  violation  of  difci- 
pline,  and  a  great  impediment  to  the 
overcoming  an  enemy  by  induftry,  which 
Caefar  has  declared  to  be  no  lefs  the  duty 
of  a  great  captain  than  conquering  by 
the  fword.  The 


»■'».' 


m 
w 


■■^. 


I'lil 


mi&. 


'ir 


v  : 


11^':' 


(  30  ) 

The  Roman  youth  were  enrolled  for 
fcrvicc  in  war  immediately  on  com- 
pleating  tht"-  17th  year;  obliged  to 
ferve  fo  long  -  time,  then  dilcharged 
and  rewarded  :  they  who  chofe  to  re- 
main in  the  corps  more  than  the  term, 
were  treated  as  evocati,  (volunteers)  held 
in  high  efteem  with  the  army,  as  many 
of  them  in  it  clearly  proved  how  much 
the  general  was  beloved.  Ca^far's  troops 
were  fo  affedlionate  to  him  and  willing, 
that  they  became  invincible, rufhcd  head- 
long into  the  greateft  danger,  with  a 
refolution  nothing  could  reiift  ! 

Pyrrhus  fays  to  the  commiiTaries  ap- 
pointed to  raife  recruits,  **  fend  me  men 
**  with  found  and  good  bodies,  and  I 
**  will  make  them  good  loldiers  :"  which 
the  excellency  of  their  military  conftitu- 
tion  contributed  to  bring  about  in  lefs 
time  than  is  poflible  with  us. 

The  Romans  had  no  ftanding  forces 
'till  the  laft  age  of  the  republic ;  they 
raifed  them  fo  readily  becaufe  all  capa- 
ble of  bearing  arms  were  regiftered  and 
equipped  fit  to  appear  when  called  upon: 
They  took  the  field  fo  expeditioully,- 
being  all  armed,  exercifcd  and  perfeded 

at 


iiiii 


ll^;!':i- 


(    3'    ) 

at  home  In  the  ufe  of  their  armour  and 
weapons  :  they  ended  wars  fo  quickly, 
it  being  the  common  interdl  to  do  fo: 
and  difbanded  fo  immediately,  becaufe 
every  one  had  an  houfe  and  family  to 
return  to. 


mi' 


Tuning  the  fiddle  takes  up  more 
time  with  us  than  performance  did  with 
them  ;  an  enquiry  into  the  caufe  might 
be  as  invidious  as  curious :  The  ftandard 
of  moil  nations  excludes  thofe  whom 
reafon  and  experience  agree  to  be  fitteft 
for  fervice,  and  eftiniates  men  as  cannon, 
*'  by  the  weight  of  metal." 

The  beft  ufe  to  be  made  perhaps  of 
the  hackneyed  mode  of  difcipline  now 
in  vogue,  is  opportunity  to  drop  it ;  as 
any  unexpeded  manceuvre,  however  im- 
perfedt,  will  occafion  more  diforder  in 
hoftile  troops,  than  the  regular  attempts 
of  which  they  have  continually  beea 
forewarned. 


''  '■''.  ■>'■  ''".In 
^'■1 

•       ll 

"I  y-     i 


-  '  •    -J  r 

Mm 


^  'I 


mm 


The  fault  found  with  the  equilateral 
fquare  by  Xenophon,  and  his  remedy 
propofed,  is  well  worth  contemplating  : 
yet  CrafTus  formed  one,  each  fide  of 
which  confifled  of  12  cohorts  or  bat- 
talions. 


.',i 


(    3^    ) 

talions.  Anthony,  in  his  engagement 
with  the  Parthians,  was  forced  to  retreat 
in  a  fquarc ;  but  Cxfar  preferred  the 
orb  when  15  cohorts  were  inverted  by 
the  enemy  on  their  march :  nay  300  of 
his  foldiers  being  furroundcd,  threw 
themfelves  into  a  circle  and  made  their 
way  good  !  indeed  we  have  already  laid 
afide  the  fquare,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped 
other  ufelefs  evolutions  and  manoeuvres 
will  (hare  the  fame  fate. 


CAVALRY. 


'il  * 


(    33    ) 


CAVALRY. 

THE  Patricians  fcrvcd  in  this  corps 
till  they  became  tribunes  of  the 
legion ;  the  public  provided  horfes  and 
maintained  them :  'tis  probable  that 
1200,  or  the  complement  proper  for  four 
legions,  were  always  kept  in  pay,  be- 
caufe  they  could  not  be  dreflcd  fit  for 
fervice  fo  cxpeditioufly  as  their  riders. 
See  what  Xcnophon,  general  of  cavalry, 
fays  to  encourage  his  troops,  who  ap- 

Erehended    the   ihock   of  the  enemy's 
orfe. 

Cavalry  are  for  difcovering  and  giv- 
ing intelligence  of  the  adverfary's  coun- 
try, ports,  pofitions  and  movements  :  for 
fpoiiing  and  deftroying  what  belongs,  or 
might  be  ufeful,  to  him;  and  to  pre- 
vent his  doing  the  like  to  you  :  For  re* 
tarding  his  nidrch  by  falling  on  his  rear^ 
and  in  the  day  of  battle  to  beat  the  ene- 
my's horfe  that  attempt  the  flanks  or 
rear  of  the  infantry.  MarQial  Turennc 
fpeaks  much  in  favor  of  the  valour,  fldll 
and  dexterity  of  the  Rozen  dragoons, 
/hewn  in  their  attack  of  count  Mercij  ; 
and  the  comte  de  Saxe  is  worth  readiii^ 
on  the  fubjedl  of  cavalry, 

D  In 


m 


'.m 


m^h 


111 


(    34    ) 

In  an  attack  of  fquadrons,  the  dif- 
abling  an  horfe  being  at  leaft  equivalent 
to  the  deftrudion  of  a  trooper,  and  to  be 
executed  with  much  greater  facility,  it 
is  at  thefe  generous  animals  that  infan^ 
try  {hould  be  directed  to  aim  their  efFec-* 
tuai  blows. 

The  Turkifh  militia  refembles  in  fe- 
veral  things  the  armies  of  the  ancients  ; 
the  janifaries  arc  not  differently  cloathed 
from  the  people,  except  in  their  head- 
drefs,  which  diftinguiiflies  them ;  neither 
do  they  wear  arms  in  the  city  ;  even  the 
grand  Seignor's  guard  do  not  handle 
them  but  in  cafe  of  alarrris ;  the  centi- 
iiels  at  the  gate  and  guardroom  walk  to 
and  fro  before  them  with  a  ftaiF  only  in 
their  hand.  They  live  in  barracks,  and 
fo  many  of  them  to  a  chamber ;  to  each 
of  which  there  is  an  officer  or  chief  of 
the  room  or  tent,  as  alfo  a  cook  or  caterer. 

When  a  company  marches,  ajanlfary 
attends  them  with  a  fkin  full  of  water, 
and  fcveral  cups  to  give  drink  to  them 
that  are  thirfty,  and  this  bufinefs  is  fo 
honorable  that  it  prefers  him  to  be  cap- 
tain or  chia-bachi  of  a  company,  which 
is  only  obtained  by  merit,  a§  the  oda- 

bachi. 


!■''!!■:, 


{    3^    > 

bachr,  or  chief  of-  the  chamber  Is  by 
fenority, 

Tirp  aga  of  thejanlfanes -fuppofe  tq 
be  a  tribune  j  for.  when  any  complaints 
are  made  to  him  of  them,  he  enquires 
what  chamber  they  are  of,,  then  fend^ 
for  the  chief  of  it,  delivers  the  delin-« 
quents  to  him,  with  orders  to  punifh 
capitally,  or  otherwife,  as  they  deferve* 

The  janifaries  are  diflributed  into 
tens,  hundreds  and  ihoufands  j  each  tea 
have  a  tent  and  a  chief  as  beforementi- 
oned ;  the  boluc  bachi  commands  an 
hundred,  as  the  chijai  does  a  thoufand  ; 
and  every  morning  the  officers  go  to 
receive  orders  from  the  aga. 

The  grand  Seignor  can  raife  300,000 
men  in  a  very  fhort  time,  by  ordering  in 
the  bafhas  and  fangiaes  only  with  their 
fervants  and  tenants,  without  any  addi- 
tional expence  being  incurred,  for  all 
maintain  themfelves  :  Such  exadt  difci- 
pline  is  kept  in  their  camp,  that  they 
draw  a  market  wherever  they  are,  be- 
caufe  they  pay  punctually  for  whatever 
is  brought.  Travellers  pafs  fecurely 
through  their  armies,  and  without  an^ 

D  2 


nik 


4:1 


i^M'i^ii 


>JffjT 


^."*!  ■■,■'1 


Kfk  of  being  plundered;  the  foldiers 
live  on  a  fmall  matter,  never  weary  by 
long  marches,  and  chufe  rather  to  be 
cut  in  pieces  than  retreat,  unlefs  out 
numbered.  They  are  arned  with  a 
mufket,  fword  and  other  fuitable  ac- 
coutrements, and  believe  they  can't  die 
before  their  time  comes,  though  fur- 
rounded  by  millions ! 


/ 


r  .' 


f        >■     A.     i   •     , 


iiu^:. 


,.  .a 


WAR 


«!; 


X    37    ) 

jWAR  IN  general; 

PLUTARCH  tells  us,  ''  war  is  an 
evil,  and  the  caufe  of  injuftice  and 
•<  bad  anions,"  However  it  has  laws 
and  rules  which  honeft  men  regard :  a 
good  general  founds  his  reputation  on 
his  own  abilities  and  virtue,  not  on  the 
wickednefs  and  perfidy  of  others. 

•*  That  civil  war  is  an  hundred  times 
**  worfe  than  the  moft  unjufl  monarchy.'* 

"  That  war  and  politics  (hould  never 
**  be  two  feparate  employments.*' 

Lycurgus  forbad  waging  war  on  the 
fame  enemy  too  often;  therefore  Anit- 
iochus,  feeing  Agefilaus  lying  wounded 
by  the  Thebans,  told  him  **  it  was  what 
*'  he  deferved,  for  making  them  good 
**  foldiers  againft  their  will." 

Three  things  neceflary  for  war,  are 
good  troops,  a  fufEcient  fund,  and  a 
faithful  adminiilration  of  the  expence. 

D  3  The 

•  X  La,  guerre  fous  fes  pieds  foule  toute  la  terre ; 
ba  Louche  eR  un  brafie^ ,  fa  voix  eft  une  tonnere  ; 
Chaque  doigt  dc  fa  main  eil  un  canon  bruyant| 
Chacan  de  fes  regards  un  eclair  flambo)rant  I 


m?^' 


n  i^i^ 


i  ' 

I'    ^ 

M        '    ' 

i  ■■*      '' 

ri';^'' 

!j 

!r1^ 

1 

If^'^^^il 

! 

J,   ^:*' 

3! 


I  *f*i;;^' ' 


"11 


il.-       .1': 


The  allies  would  fain  have  had  the  con-* 
tribution  limited,  but  Crotonius  the 
orator  told  them,  **  that  war  was  not 
**  to  be  confined  to  a  certain  and  fixed 
«  fum/* 

It  is  an  allowed  propofition,  that  the 
art  of  war  is  only  to  be  learned  in  war; 
the  Romans  then  muft  have  excelled  in 
this  fcience,  becaufe  for  near  700  years, 
from  Numa  to  Auguftus,  the  temple  of 
Janus  was  never  fhut  but  twice !  the 
Greeks  indeed  were  earlief  mafters  of  thd 
•art  military,  for  cities  at  firft  were  all 
ieparate  ftates,  each  rivalling  it's  neigh- 
hour  by- trying  his  genius  in  peace,  and 
ilrength  in  war.  This  produced  fuch  a 
perfedl  military  conftitution,  difcipline 
and  fcience,  that  fome  think  theirs  to 
have  been  the  beft :  and  no  wonder,  if 
the  men,  who  learn  thefe  virtues  from 
necefiity  and  the  things  themfelves, 
know  them  better  than  fchools  and  fyf- 
tems  can  inftrud:.  A  good  education 
and  theory  afiift  greatly,  and  (horten  the 
way  to  that  knowledge  we  endeavour  at 
by  fervice  in  war. 

Without    a  theory   founded   upon 
principles,  whatever  is  done,  is  done  by 

chance. 


i    39   ) 

chance,  as  Vegetius  expreffes  it,  *«  cafus 
«*  non  arte:'*  but  he  that  would  war 
with  fuccefs,  mufl:  adt  on  principles,  not 
by  chance.  "  ^iz  fecundos  opt  at  even-' 
*«  tus,  dimicet  arte,  non  cafu.*'  "  Thes 
«.*  enemies  faults,  rather  than  our  abili- 
«'  ties,  were  the  caufes  of  our  fuccefs, 
«*  and  yet  we  take  glory  to  ourfelves  for 


<f 


It. 


Mr.  PuYSEGUR  recommends  reading 
to  all  warriours :  v/e  judge  from  bare 
circumftances ;  and  when  good  and  bad 
fucceffes  are  equal  between  contending 
generals,  that  they  are  well  matched :  it 
jnay  prove  that,  but  nothing  more. 

Beware,  when  you  march  to  the 
attack,  that  your  columns  be  not  fepa- 
rated  from  each  other  by  rivers,  woods, 
ravines,  &c.  but  when  thefe  impediments 
are  not  in  the  way,  it  is  neceflary  to 
keep  them  at  a  diftance,  that  the  army 
may  the  fooner  form  it's  line  of  battle, 
on  arriving  irt  the  prefence  of  an  enemy. 
The  order  of  march,  the  manner  of  draw* 
ing  up,  ought  to  be  executed  in  all  the 
rules  of  geometry,  and  according  to  the 
local  knowledge  of  the  country.  The 
generals  conduding  columns  j(hould  al- 
ways 


.J 


:Siy\ 


'  '<  '  J! 


^.m. 


rr-':\m^ 


Al'f 


"Mm 

.1,  -   J-:,  ^^,...  ^m 

" ''"  h.'¥m 


■•>'. 


tm 


m 


iir 


i  :1t 


(  40  ) 

ways  lead  at  the  fame  height,  keepltlg 
diftances  between  them  in  proportion  as 
the  terrein  widens  or  narrows,  to  the  end 
of  quickly  forming :  therefore  how  re- 
quifite  is  it  to  arrive  at  the  given  line 
together,  and  in  the  exadt  time  ordered ! 

When  all  the  columns  are  near  enough 
to  the  enemy,  the  general  (having  re- 
connoitred the  ground  as  much  as  is  in 
his  power)  will  halt  them  in  the  centre, 
firft   ordering  them  to  form  the  line.* 

Those  on  the  flanks  he  will  probably 
extend  to  right  and  left,  by  faying,  **  gain 
"  fuch  an  height,  windmill,  tree,  houfe, 
**  &c."  which  being  done,  a  iignal  of 
cannon  is  to  begin  the  battle,  the  2d 
line  forming  about  300  yards  in  the  rear 
of  the  firft. 


Suppose  now  the  firft  line  march* 
ing  in  front  to  the  adverfary,  can  it  be 
performed  ftraight  without  opening  or 
breaking  ?  no ;  not  without  rules :  all 
thefe  movements  are  not  even  to  be  ex- 
ecuted with  rules,  without  great  prac- 
tice ;  of  courfe  without  both,  the  march 
will  be  all  confufion  in  a  large  army, 
nay  even  in  a  fmall  one  !  'tis  not  fuffi- 

cient 


cient  that  the  generals  leading  columns 
know  what  to  do,  if  the  commanding 
officers  of  fquadrons  and  battalions  (as 
well  as  their  troops)  be  not  thoroughly 
broke  to  and  cxeicifed  in  thefe  different 
manceuvres. 


1*1! 


il 


4'y    ■ 


■l 


K  '         t 


.i!>  y 


V 


ORDER 


i 


■  n 


It  I' 


i! ,  y. 


^ ' 


ih: : 


ai 


•<t^: 


$1 


a-'i„: 


Hi 


••'     ;        '1 


Y,      1' 


(    4«    ) 


ORDER  OF  BATTLE; 

THE  French  always  make  their 
front  line  flronger  than  the  fe- 
cond,  becaufe  the  firft  advantage  or  check 
among  them  is  generally  the  gain  or  lofs 
of  the  battle;  befides,  outflanking  the 
'finemy  gives  great  fuperiority. 

At  all  times  that  armies  form  lines 
of  battle  in  plains,  whether  they  march 
in  front  to,  or  along,  the  front  of,  the 
adverfary,  by  extending  themfelves  by 
flanks  or  any  other  manner,  it  frequently 
happens  that  fome  clofe  the  fquadrons 
and  battalions,  and  others  halt  them  to 
leave  great  intervals,  fo  that  corps  may 
move  forward,  and  afterwards  be  obliged 
to  retrograde :  this  is  one  reafon  why 
the  line  is  fometimes  fo  ill  formed.  The 
enemy  (who  has  drawn  up  fooner)  taking 
advantage  of  this  diforder,  falls  upon 
and  beats  you  !  which  has  occafloned  the 
proverb  that  fays,  "  many  battles  have 
**  been  loft,  from  not  knowing  how  to 
**  form  the  crc/er  of  battle''  If  this 
was  an  allowed  truth  in  the  times  when 
armies  were  but  fmall,  how  much  is  it 
'.  '1  .  confirmed 


t    4i    ) 

• 

confirmed  now  a  days  by  Jafal  cxperi* 
cnce,  when  ours  are  fo  numerous!  judge 
then,  how  dangerous  it  is  to  adt  indiffe- 
rently in  a  matter  of  fuch  importance  ! 
there^  fliould  be  rules  ^ftablifhed  in  this 
point,  fuch  as  fo  many  yards  to  a  bat- 
talion and  fquadron,  leaving  an  interval 
of  twenty  yards  between  each  of  the 
former,  and  twelve  between  each  of  the 
latter;  as  it  is  equally  hazardous  to 
charge  too  open  or  too  clofe :  the  firfl 
admits  of  being  flanked ;  the  i  c<  "d 
throws  you  into  a  confufed  heap  !  briik 
artillery,  properly  diftributed,  will  enable 
lines  to  be  formed  in  face  of  an  enemy, 
and  contribute  greatly  to  win  tl     battle. 

The  diftance  between  the  firft  and 
fecond  line  fhould  be  as  aforementioned, 
that  fpace  being  found  moft  proper  to 
perform  all  manner  of  movements  upon, 
from  the  one  to  the  other  without  con- 
fufion,  according  to  the  exigencies  re- 
quired :  moreover,  when  the  front  line 
charges,  the  other  fees  coolly  all  that 
paffes,  and  has  time  to  fuftain  all  toge- 
ther, or  in  part,  at  the  will  of  him  that 
commands,  who  (hould  not  expofe  him- 
felf  too  much,  but  take  his  pofl  fo  as  to 
difcern  how  to  remedy  this  check,  or 

make 


'iV/' 

'■;».■, 


■■sl/¥ 


■jf':  , 


]r-l\- 


'I. 
■t' 


■'■-A^- 


'■  •■•  '  •;■-.'  .'.',  :ii| 


tF 


■      •'V 


J.'  r 


If- . 


"t  / 


(    44    ) 

make  advantage  of  that  imprcffiort  :  but 
fhould  hills  or  woods  interfere  to  obflru(fl: 
his  viewing  the  whole  fcope,  he  then 
fends  the  moll  experienced  of  his  aides 
dc  camp  to  reconnoitre  and  wait  the 
ifTue  of  affairs,  who,  on  every  important 
change,  gallop  back  and  report  the  event. 
Three  hundred  yards  between  line  and 
line  can  only  be  given  at  fight  if  the 
ground  will  admit  of  it;  but  you  can- 
not be  too  exadt  in  that  betwixt  flank 
and  flank  of  battalions  and  fquadrons. 


ilk'''/ 
mi''' 


When  troops  attack,  they  fhould 
move  forward  in  a  flraight  line,  regulat- 
ing their  advances  from  their  centre,  not 
their  right  as  many  pretend ;  for  if  the 
line  be  long,  dreffmg  by  the  right  is 
impradlicable :  whereas  guiding  your- 
felves  by  the  centre  removes  one  half  of 
the  difficulty.  It  will  therefore  be  ne- 
celfary  in  marching  up  to  keep  a  kind  of 
convex,  and  let  the  centre  belly  out  a 
little,  (not  too  much  ;{;)  ^/jat  when  the 
whole  is  ordered  to  halt,  the  right  and 
left  dreis  eafily  on  it.  If  the  terrein 
will  allow  it,  'tis  not  amifs  to  halt  now 

and 

X  The  gaining'  ground  too  far  i\  head  by  the  centrci 
iliould  it  be  neceffary  to  fall  back,  t  could  not  be  done 
wiihout  going  to  right  about !  and  what  would  be  the 
confequence  in  the  face  of  s.n  cr.ein/  ? 


iS-.-'i  111 


m 


(    45    ) 

and  then   to  pradife,    and   the  centre 
ftiould  always  begin  the  march  and  halt. 

When  any  body  of  your  troops  has 
beat  that  oppofite  to  it,  inftead  of  per- 
mitting the  whole  wing,  brigade  or  fqua- 
dron  to  purfue,  fend  only  a  part  to  hin- 
der the  enemy  rallying ;  and  make  the 
reft  fall  upon  the  flanks  of  thofe  that 
may  ftill  maintain  the  fight  againft  you. 
This  is  the  way  battles  are  gained ;  but  it 
is  requifite  commanders  of  battalions  and 
fquadrons  fhould  be  apprized  of  this  in- 
tended manoeuvre  before  the  adion  begins : 
for  as  the  general  officers  cannot  imme- 
diately be  every  where,  fo  commandants 
of  corps  fhould  not  wait  for  orders  to 
purfue,  left  the  enemy  get  too  far  off  to 
be  overtaken.  Thefe  are  the  true  func- 
tions of  fecondary  generals,  and  not  like 
fome  that  poft  themfelves  at  the  head  of 
the  cldeft  corps,  and  engage  perfonally 
like  a  captain  of  cavalry :  they  ought 
likewife  to  have  none  but  officers  of  ex- 
perienced capacities  for  their  aides  dc 
camp,  that  know  how  to  deliver  dif- 
tindlly  and  properly  what  they  are  the 
bearers  of,  that  thofe  who  receive  their 
orders  may  eafily  and  without  hefitation 
comprehend  and  obey  them. 

When 


v'jtyVi; 


'.:■'   'I. 


-    '.,'4;, 


<*.,(>■, 


•'■'■<^^:r:'- J 


•  *  - 1  -  • .      ♦ ' 


>   ■•      ('/I 

■   i.ii.'  sJ  ■  I 


h'r 


! 


y  " 


iC\'V  ri 


'I't 


(  46  ) 

When  two  armies  are  going  to  tn* 
gage,  our  attention  (hould  be  to  con- 
template their  countenance,  order  and 
difpoiition.  Epaminondas  inarched  in 
the  order  of  battle  he  intended  to  fight, 
that  he  might  not  be  obliged  (upon  ar- 
riving in  prefence  of  the  enemy)  to  loofc 
time  in  breaking  the  difpofition  of  his 
troops,  which  one  cannot  regard  too 
much  in  great  enterprizes. 

In  Plutarch  may  be  feen  what  advan- 
tages there  are  in  war  from  opportunity, 
place,  arms,  &c.  that  knowing  how  to 
make  ufe  of  time  has  been  of  more  fer- 
vice  than  arms ;  that  there  are  occafions 
lofl  hardly  to  be  remedied,  which  is  the 
greatefl  expence  of  all,  6cc.  5cc. 

MoNTECUcuLLi  and  Turenne  fre- 
quently mixed  cavalry  and  artillery  with 
the  foot,  that  they  might  naturally  fup- 
port  each  other,  and  gave  this  reafon  for 
it  5  "  that  as  armies  were  compofed  of 
**  thefe  three  parts,  they  ought  to  be 
**  fo  placed  as  to  fuftain  and  a6t  together, 
**  their  united  forces  in  a  manner  being 
**  invincible  !  whereas,  if  ported  at  dif- 
**  tances  on  right,  left  and  centre,  they 
**  could  not  be  in  time  to  aflift  one  ano* 
r  «<  ther, 


4 


(    47    T 

'*  thcr,  cfpecially  if  the  wings  be  rouN 
•<  ed  ;  for  then  the  infantry  (having  both 
**  flanks  uncovered)  cannot  fail  to  un- 
<«  dergo  the  fame  fate  !"  notvvithflanding 
this  found  dodtrinc,  yet  as  the  faihion 
of  Europe  prevails  otberwifc^  we  muft 
blindly  give  into  the  mode. 

^i  terre  a,  guerre  a ;  fays  the  pro- 
verb :  therefore  all  governments  ought 
to  be  provided  before-hand  for  this  un- 
avoidable event,  with  men,  money,  a  few^ 
equally  fit  to  advife  and  execute;  but 
above  all,  with  a  good  military  conftitu- 
tion  and  difcipline.  A  writer  obferves, 
**  the  Catti  took  the  field  only  prepared 
**  for  war ;  but  the  reft  of  the  Germans 
*'  prepared  to  fight." 


^^.4^ 


ml. 


/■■/ 


'  ■  I  *i 


WAR, 


i 


I  ' 


^1^^^ 


w 


m 


(   48   ) 


WAR. 


h'k. 


Jiift:fe 


f 


t 


THEY  that  have  addrefs  enough  to 
harafs  an  enemy  much  fuperior 
in  (Irength,  and  perform  it  without  lo(s 
to  themfelves,  deferve  indeed  the  appel- 
lation of  **  mafters  in  the  profclliun," 
and  their  advcrfaries  *'  that  cf  appren- 
**  tices."  As  adverfity  (hews  grcatnefs 
of  mind  to  the  be  ft  advantage,  fo  does 
ading  with  an  inferior  army  moft  fure* 
ly  difcover  the  ability  of  a  general.' 
Places  well  fortif  id  are  preferved  by  the 
merit  of  their  works;*  ill  garrifoned, 
hy  the  merit  of  thofe  that  defend  them.- 

CmsAR  excelled  in  all  kinds  of  war! 
and  rofe  fuperior  to  the  greateft  captains 
that  preceded  him.  Sertorius,  Philo- 
paemenon  and  Eumenes  in  particular, 
in  defenfivc  war  oftfy.  Knowledge  in 
ground,  and  the  utility  to  be  made  of  it, 
are  abfolutely  neceffary  in  all  kinds  of 
war,  but  chiefly  in  defenfive. 

Some  troops  are  better  in  adions  of 
pofts,  than  in  general  engagements : 
when  this  is  the  cafe,  the  commander  in 

chief 

*  See  G.  Carlelon's  defence  of  Quebec,  further  on. 


chJef  will  put  t!iem  to  the  ftryice  they 
arc  beft  adapted*  Gylippus,  ty  cha^^> 
ing  his  order  of  battle,  beat  the.  cn^uiy 
(that  had  defeated  hto  the  preceding 
day)  on  the  fame  grqtahd.  Caf^r  kl^:^ 
beyond  any  man/hPW  to  lay  hoI4:piX 
every  advantage  in  wajr,.  and  above  aU  tQ 
feiz^tim^  by  thp  %ielQck  I.  ,:  •  .  f^r,i^^r^f^ 

]yloNT^Pu.ct;n-i  aavifes    (when  the 

armyijs  weak,.or  cprnpofe^  oi)ly  of  qa^' 
valry)"to  fave  all  you  qa^  in  ypwrplapea 
"  of  ftrength,  and  burn,  alt  fubfiftpope 
**  in  thbfe  at  the  e;ieniy*$  niercy.  Cpver 
**:  yourielvc5  with,  int jrenchoicnts ;  extend 
**  them,  if  yoa  perceive  he  intends  tQ 
**  inclofe  you.  Change  politiori  or  poftsi 
*/renr;ain  not  in  fjtuatipns  to  be  f»4r- 
**  rounded  without  fighting,  or  unable 
**  to  retire  fi'om  .  dlftribuxe  yourc^valrv 
**  in  feparate  diftridls  to  incomnjode  hiui 
V  inceilantly.  Either  fecure  all  bridges, 
"pafies,  &c.  cr  break  and  deftroy  them) 
"flood  the  country,  cut  down  foreil^  tp 
'*  make  abbatis  to  cover  yourfelves." 


•Hi.'  "f^'iTa 


:i 


> 

I'. 


■.t: 


'IV 


A  GENERAL  confummate  in  the  fci~ 
cnce  of  war,  with  an  excellent  coup  d' 
ceil,  reduced  to  twenty  thoufand  men 
againft  thrice  that  number  of  equal  good- 


■M>f, 


i: 


liiiir 


C  so  ) 

nets,  will  be  cautious  in  adling  ofFen- 
Ifivcly  in  the  open  field :  but  always 
lofing  ground  to  avoid  adion,  is  not  to 
tinderftand  the  art  military.  To  cover 
a  certain  diftri(ft  of  importance  to  the 
nation,  to  abandon  that  which  is  lefs  fo, 
and  to  reduce  the  adverfary  to  a  fmall 
portion  with  his  treble  army,  fhcw  un- 
common abilities  i  but  a  great  comman- 
der will  go  farther.  He  will  preferve 
the  whole ;  protedl  the  towns ;  hinder 
the  enemy  from  inverting  any,  by  con- 
tinually keeping  him  in  fufpence,  upon 
a  line  of  frontier  always  parallel,  with- 
out fufFering  him  to  pafs  over  its  bounds 
and  penetrate. 
*    .  ' .   ' 

It  being  then  neceflary  to  occupy 
jftrong  holds  in  a  defenfive  war,  there  is 
no  country  whatever  in  which  you  will 
not  meet  with  fome  of  them  ^  more 
efpecially  if  mountainous :  therefore  the 
fpade,  fhovel,  pick-ax  and  wheel-bar- 
row, &c.  fliould  never  be  wanting,  with 
abundance  of  other  implements,  as  they 
are  the. needful  refources  to  intrench,  and 
put  yourfelves  out  of  all  apprehenfions 
of  a  couj)  de  main,  "  ^ ' 


.r 


.i»iiirf  I*'; a*  'y.'A'Vx\\  Ji 


4^ 


The 


(    5^    ) 

The  fcience  of  pofts  is  none  of  the 
leafl  qualifications  in  a  chieftain,  the 
ftudy  of  which  is  too  much  negledted : 
burying  onefelf  up  to  the  ears  like  a 
mole,  without  fcheming  any  thing  be- 
yond the  intrenchment  thus  occupied, 
is  merely  refembling  that  animal !  for 
if  it  can  be  turned  by  means  of  rivers 
(ever  frequent  in  mountainous  countries) 
how  fhamefui  would  it  be  to  depend 
upon  fuch  a  work,  and  difgraceful  to  be 
left  behind  in  it  by  an  enemy  !  whoever 
eftabliflies  himfelf  in  fuch  like  places, 
fhould  be  able  to  communicate  from  one 
valley  to  another,  and  extend  himfelf 
according  to  the  movements  made  by 
the  aflailant,  who,  no  doubt,  will  at- 
tempt to  pradtice  all  rufes  de  guerre  to 
give  him,  the  Hip,  or  put  the  change 
tipon  him  by  a  counter  march,  to  parry 
which  (againll:  a  fuperior  force)  requires 
the  uimoit  vigilance  with  extraordinary 
genius. 

All  military  perfons  ought  to  know, 
that  there  are  few  mountains  (be  they 
ever  fo  horrible)  which  have  not  reverfes 
where  men  may  pafs;  therefore  avoid 
getting  far  into  vallies ;  and  beware  of 
a  retiring  enemy  in  fuch  a  fituation,  who 

E  2  defigns 


WW^- 

l''  >.'  ^'' 

Ju-^'^f, 

■     ■  ''i> 

•:     'M 

'       "A 

' '  -f'-"'*^ 

•^*v4| 

»         V        "'-.'. 

'       .    ■  •■    ! 

'Hi 


.^.-i 


}:<i 
?^'? 


Mi< 

p::''T'' 

W' 

: 

W' ' 

W' ' 

■'S  * 

iji.:.!^ 

r^,:'  •' 

( 

hi** 

'•i 


d^figns  perhaps  only  to  oiAv;  you  mort 
and  more  into  dcnlec  by  n  pr';tended 
flight,  in  order  (if  yo^i  iwallow  tlie  bait) 
to  cut  off  your  retreat  and  provilions, 
whenever  he  finds  himfelf  on  a  fpot 
convenient  for  the  coup  I 

When  you  are  reduced  to  the  laft 
extremity,  the  moft  hardy  rrfolutions 
fhould  be  executed  even  if  they  border 
upon  raflinefs  !  but  above  all  things  no 
occafion  (hould  be  loll:  to  force  a  paflage 
with  your  chof^n  troop?,  before  the  ene- 
my eftablifhes  himfelf,.  attempting  all  his 
pofls  that  are  pradicable  at  the  fame  time, 
and  forming  many  falfc  attacks  to  amufc 
and  divide  his  attention:  but  night*  ia 
much  fitter  than  day  for  thefe  hazardous 
i^nterprizes,  by  concealing  your  order  and 
difpofitioii. 

The  b-^^l  expedient  to  be  exadbly  in- 
formed L  he  nature  of  the  country  yoir 
would  draw  the  enemy  to  follow  you 
into,  is  to  gain  the  peafants  with  large 
rewards  and  promifes ;  who  will  condu<fl: 
you  through  all  the  windings,  reverfes  of 
mountains  and  ports  the  moft  difficult  to 
be  forced  from  :  fhepherds  and  iportfmen 

are 

*  Sclpio  obferves  that  attacks  made  in  the  dark  will 
iflrike  greater  terror  into  the  enemy ;  nor  dare  theiv 
allies  venture  to  fiiccour  them  in  the  night  time* 


aree 

with 

and  ( 

incaf 

tellig 

himii 

couni 

alw?) 

perpe 

latin  e 

occuj: 

to  wY 

paths 

reverf 

with 

were  i 

thofe 

an  en( 

himfe 

many 

**  ban 

*'  in  f] 

Sup 

vallev, 
ing  an 
dig  a 
where) 
contin 


>u  more 
'tended 
lie  bait) 
3vilions, 
a   fpot 


the  laft 
"olutions 
y  border 
lings  no 
a  paffage 
the  ene- 
ng  all  his 
me  tiine> 
to  amufc 
night*  is 
azardous 
Drder  and 


:adly  in- 
ntry  yoir 
ow  you 
th  large 
condud: 
verfes  of 
fficult  to 
^ortfmen 
are 

Bie  dark  will 
dare  thcif 
ume« 


(   53   ) 

arc  excellent  guides  on  fuch  ccra^  ms .  for 
without  an  enijrc  knowledge  of  the  fj-vOi; 
and  environs  to  be  defended,  )ou  become 
incapable  of  ad:ingl  upon  fuch  like  in- 
telligences then,  a  general  determines 
faimfelf;  efpccially  !n  a  mountainous 
country,  marching  (as  it  may  be  faid) 
always  with  hJ'?  plummet  in  hand,  in 
perpetual  diffidence  and  miftrufl ;  regu- 
lating his  motions  from  his  difcernment; 
occupying  heights  ?.z  much  as  pcflible; 
to  which,  fhould  there  be  any  roads  or 
paths  for  the  enemy  to  afcend  on  the 
reverfes,  he  ought  to  make  detachments 
with  faithful  guides  to  feize  them  :  for 
were  it  known,  how  great  the  advantage 
thofe  that  defend  high  ports  have  over 
an  enemy,  he  would  not  lightly  engage 
himfelf  in  fo  perilous  an  adventure;  as 
many  inftances  can  be  quoted,  "  of  an 
*•  handful  of  men  flopping  whole  armies 
"  in  Situations  of  this  nature/* 

Suppose  you  intrench  yourfelf  in  a 
valley,  the  flrongeft  method  is  by  furm- 
ing  an  abbatis  of  trees ;  behind  which 
dig  a  ditch  of  eight  or  ten  feet  wide, 
wherein  throw  numbers  of  men  to  fire 
continually  at,  or  oppofe  with  their  /^y- 
cnnettes,  thofe  that  attempt  to  penetrate. 

E  ^  Or, 


K-'M 

m 


f^ 


0 


'ijit;  i,  lltflSj  . 


W'-'' 


<  I'. 


h'H 


(    54    ) 

Or,  if  you  have  a  defile  to  pafs  between 
mountains,  detach  (according  to  the 
neceffity)  a  body  or  bodies  to  pofTefs 
themfelves  of  the  iflue?  and  heights  that 
command  it :  thefe  precautions  taken, 
proceed  to  repair  and  make  the  roads  all 
of  an  equal  breadth  to  prevent  filing  off, 
which  will  retard  your  march  too  much  ; 
and  if  you  meet  with  rivulets,  lay  bridges 
over  them.  


A  DISCERNING  general  will  beat  up 
heights  and  bottoms  at  the  fame  time, 
not  only  to  employ  the  adverfary  in  every 
part,  but  to  hinder  little  pofts  from  fall- 
ing on  his  flank  or  rear  during  the  con- 
flidl :  befides  many  attacks  are  generally 
more  fuccefsful  than  one,  flriking  grea-r 
ter  terror  and  caufing  more  confufion  -, 
for  although  he  may  be  repulfed  in  fome, 
yet  there's  almoft  a  certainty  of  fuccced- 
ing  in  others,  which  often  leads  to  a  total 
deroufe,  as  various  examples  can  teftify. 
I  may  add,  that  where  a  fingle  attempt 
is  only  made,  fhould  it  happen  to  fail, 
the  ardour  abates  to  aiTault  others,  who 
will  be  animated  to  defend  themfelves 
vigoroufly  from  the  advantage  thus 
gained. 

That 


W^ 


(    55    ) 

That  heights||  are  commonly  cafier 
carried  than  other  ports,  I  believe,  will 
appear  from  this  reafon ;  their  pofitions 
are  generally  regarded  to  be  To  ftrong  and 
domineering  that  few  men  (perhaps  the 
worfl)  with  a  young  officer  are  left  to 
protedl  them  :  on  this  fuppoiition  alone 
an  able  general  feldom  negleds  attempt- 
ing fuch  places ;  and  it  is  rarely  found 
that  he  mifcarries.  This  maxim  is  one 
of  the  befl  that  can  be  employed,  as  an 
hundred  remarkable  events  will  prove; 
one  of  which  makes  againfl  as  great  an 
hero  as  any  of  the  age,  viz.  his  own 
letter  runs  thus,  "  M.  Daun  having  at- 
*'  tacked  me  on  an  hilly  ground,  where 
**  only  half  my  army  could  adt,  I  retired 
**  about  half  a  league  from  my  camp." 
In  another  he  adds,  "  you  will  fee  by 
**  this  detail,  that  this  was  not  a  battle, 
<*  but  an  affair  of  polls  onlyt  by  which 

"  the 

II  In  forcing  paiTages  ov«r  hilly  countries,  many  good 
leiiens  are  to  be  found  in  the  memoirs  of  M.  Villars ; 
how  he  a£led  in  1703  to  traverfe  the  black  iBountains 
to  join  the  eledlor  of  JBavaria  ;  alfo  the  meafures  count 
Tallard  took  the  year  following  to  arrive  with  fuccours 
to  the  fame  prince,  by  ;he  gorge  of  St.  George,  are  ytxy 
curious  and  ufeful  IQ  iludy  :  There  one  may  read  alfo 
in  what  manner  he  paifed  the  fame  mountain-  that 
campaign  by  the  gorge  of  Waldkirk  with  his  whole 
army.  Dilirenci  a.nd Jurfrize  will  effed  fuch  marches  j 
but  it  is  of  the  laft  importance  to  be  always  able  to 
retire,  and  this  muft  be  fecured  by  leaving  fuft«aent 
guards  to  command  difficult  polls,  defiles,  &c. 


*:' 


WW 


I5i, 


i;« 


Ifiu 


(  S6  i 

«'  the  Auftrians  gained  fto  other  advahtage 
*^  th^n  that  of  diflpdging  my  troops  from 
"  ah  eminence  Without  daring  to  follow 
*'  mc,  and  without  being  able  to  forc« 
"  me  tlo  retire  above  halt  a  Icaffue."* 

•  All  this  partakes  too  much  of  the  embHiTafllhtiit 
that  ittien^s  an  attempt  to  difgirifii  truth,  and  reconcile 
allerlions  with  circumftances  that  contradict  them !  M. 
Baun'a  glory  here  is  confciTedly  great ! 


1 
■  i 


5   ^V:.  , 


i  one 

T 


*     .     •'  ' 


Jf'fi'- 


V-.    , 


Op 


(    57    ) 
Of     generals. 

IT  is  not  every  one  that  can  tJecide 
whether  a  general  of  confummatc 
bravery  with  a  moderate  capacity,  or  of 
the  moft  extenfive  abilities  and  middling 
courage,  is  fittefl  to  command.  Cardi- 
nal Richlieu  gives  it  in  favor  of  the  firft, 
becaufe  from  his  intrepidity,  he  will 
coolly  make  ufe  of  all  his  little  judgment 
without  being  afraid :  whereas  the  fe- 
cond  will  not  be  able  to  exert  his  fupe* 
rior  talents,  as  fear  and  diffidence  will 
intrude  upon  his  ideas ! 

Marshal  Turenne  thought  him  the 
beft  general  who  committed  the  fewed: 
faults ;  the  fame  may  be  faid  of  the  befl 
of  men.  The  real  merit  of  a  comman- 
der confifts  in  marching,  incamping, 
fubfifting  and  conducing  an  army  well ; 
he  is  to  make  himfelf  beloved  by  his 
troops  J  ufe  them  to  advantage ;  forefee 
the  enemies  fchemes ;  harafs  and  baffle 
their  projed:s  -,  take  meafures  from  their 
miAakes;  and  feize  the  beil  fituations. 

The  greateft  part  of  the  art  military 
is  to  know  how  to  form  a  plan  for  a 

whole 


ui 


1     r.  I 


Mn 


I  :1    "     * 


r**^ 


(    58   ) 

whole  war ;  for  from  fuch  a  general  fyf- 
tern  there  refult  many  particular  inci- 
dents which  regard  the  different  coun- 
tries defigncd  to  be  fupported  or  invaded. 
'Tis  true,  all  the  world  cannot  attain  this 
knowledge,  neither  is  it  neccifary  but 
for  fuch  as  aim  to  arrive  at  the  highefl: 
degree  of  military  preferment.  The 
gaining  a  battle  does  not  depend  folely 
on  the  chief,  he  contributes  only  in  part; 
but  to  form  the  plan  of  a  war,  to  follow 
and  execute  it  thoroughly,  the  honor  is 
his,  without  a  fliarer,  that  commands 
and  condudts  it. 


I?'- 


I'    ■!• 


lii 


Among  the  Romans,  the  general  was 
not  to  purchafe  vidtory  too  dear,  but  to 
vanquish  by  induftry  rather  than  by  the 
fword  i  and  this  was  fo  fucred,  that,  who- 
ever negledled  it,  difhonored  himfelf! 
therefore  Caefar  (the  moft  jealous  of  all 
men  of  his  military  reputation)  avoided 
fighting  when  he  could  conquer  by  ad- 
drefs,  becaufe  the  latter  was  his  duty; 
and  the  army  would  have  (bared  with 
him  the  glory  of  the  one ;  the  other  was 
more  entirely  his  ! 

In  1 76 1,  general  Hodgfon,  comman- 
der in  chief  of  the   britifh   forces    at 

Belleifle, 


;n  a 


o^ 


%! 


(    59    ) 

Bcllciflc,  having  made  a  breach  in  the 
citadel  of  Palais,  fo  as  to  infurc  it's  capi- 
tulation, was  twice  importuned,  by  flags 
of  truce  from  the  governor  St.  Croix,  to 
florm  it,  that  he  might  furrender  with 
glory  !  but  the  Englilh  general  (like  the 
Roman  heroes,  preferring  to  conquer  by 
addrefs)  returned  for  anfwer,  **  that  he 
*'  knew  the  citadel  could  not  hold  out, 
"  but  muft  fall  into  his  hands ;  the 
**  having  pofTeflion  of  which  a  day  or 
**  two  fooner  than  neceffity  would  give 
**  it,  was  not  worth  rilking  the  life  of  a 
"  britifh  foldier !"  St.  Croix  furrendered 
immediately,  without  being  indulged  in 
wantonly  killing  a  few  Englifhmen  to 
fatisfy  French  vanity. 

Louis  the  xivthfaid  to  the  prince  De 
Conde,  **  you  fent  my  troops  to  be 
'*  butchered!"  no,  Sire  (replied  his  high- 
nefs)  **  I  led  them  !"  this  pafTed  as  a 
i^on  motj  but  would  have  difgraced  a 
roman  Conful.  The  prudence  of  Tu- 
renne  is  more  to  be  elteemed  than  the 
rafh  adlions  of  Conde;  notwithftanding 
the  former,  without  ever  expoling  him- 
felf  tnal  a  propos^  was  killed  by  a  cannon 
ball !  the  other,  after  having  braved  death 
in  a  thoiifand   mad  attacks,  died  in  his 

bed 


^- >| 


n 


'    -I: 


►■{•>■ 


WM 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


tatTA     |25 
itt  Bii   12.2 


1.1 


Is  HIM  i'-^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STRUT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)872-4503 


^v- 


I  ■ 


rfr^i; 


1.  -li'-' 


MM  ' 


('  60  ) 

bed  in  a  very  advanced  age!  the  waysdf 
providence  are  impenetrable ! 


ij- 


SciPio  fays  to  Fabius,  you  are  ho« 
nored  with  the  title  of  Maximus,  for 
only  having  kept  an  army  together! 
while  I  (who  have  beat  the  enemy  ink 
pitched  battle)  am  iimply  ftiled  Magnus! 
true,  fays  Fabius ;  but  had  I  not  knowil 
how  to  prefcrve  troops,  and  harafs  the 
adverfaries  at  the  fame  time,  you  could 
never  have  had  them'  to  fight  with  aftd 
overcome  I 

The  principle  irt  a  commander  of  ern 
army  is  to  know  how  to  force  the  enemy 
to  fight,  when  he  himfelf  is  ftrongeft;  and 
to  avoid  being  drawn  in  to  engage  when 
weakeft !  but  to  be  provoked  to  come  to 
action,  when  it  was  not  bis  intereft,  by 
the  jibes  and  raillery  of  impertinent 
people,  is  inexcufable  in  Pompey. — 
See  Plutarch.. 

None  knew  better  than  Hannibal  how 
to  range  an  army  in  order  of  battle  to 
advantage,  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
ground ;  or  how  to  employ  troops  to  the 
purpofes  they  were  fitteft  for ;  or  drefs 
an  ambufcade;  or  Hnd  expedients  in  mis- 
fortunes ; 


(  <il  ) 

fortunes ;  or  keep  up  difciplinc  among 
people  of  fo  many  various  nations.* 
From  himfelf  alone  he  drew  the  fubfift- 
cnce  of  his  troops,  the  pay,  the  remount 
of  cavalry  and  recruits  of  infantry,  with 
all  that  was  neceflary  to  maintain  §  a 
great  war  in  a  remote  country,  againft  a 
powerful  enemy  for  fixteen  years!  in 
fpight  of^faBioH  at.  home  that  thwarted 
him  in  all  things  ! 

Maxim.  Don't  fuiler  any  thing  fu- 
perfluous,  becaufe  it  certainly  deprives 
fomebody  of  what  is  neceffary,  and  great- 
ly increafes  the  impedimenta  belli, 

^  ,  Cambyses  fays  to  Cyrus,  did  your 
taBique  mafter  give  you  any  leflbns  of 
©economy  I     ' 

Not  any;  he  inftrudled  me  only  in 
fundry  orders  of  battle,  replied  Cyrus.; 

The  greateft  knowledge  in  that  was 
to  little  purpofe  (faid  his  father)  if  the 
army  Aould  want  provifion,  healthy  ad- 
drefs  or  obedience  :  then  mentioned  the 
following^  heads,,  viz. 

ift. 

*  Th0  duke  of  MarUjoroagh  excelled  in  this  art  of 
governing  different  and  oBftinate  national  troops. 

§  The  king  of  Pruffia  feetns  to  knew  the  fecret  of 
making  the  war  j^aiatain  itfel^  bcttftr  than  all  the 
jprinces  of  Europe. 


■  *i 

''  ''MM-) 


'  "i.  -*  '♦»  .1' 


%'':i>< 


/"■■.  ' 


m 


in  "■  ■ 


■a 


.  .1 


l'^''' 


I}" 


i 


r9y 


.(« 


^^  '■:. 


{  62   ) 

I  ft.  How  to  order  a  march  by  day  or 
night  through  fields,  defiles,  mountains, 
•plains,  6cc.  and  incamp. 


2dly.  How,  going  to  the  enemy,  or 
returning  in  fight  of  one. 

;  3dly.  The  order  to  be  obferved  in 
paffing  by  an  enemy's  fortrcls, ,  ,  : 

4thly^  Hoy^r .  to  affault  a  breach,  or 
diiTengage  youtfelf  properly. ' 

5thly.  WkAf  is  to  be  done  in  pafCng 
a  river*. 

r    V 
•■.■■■..•  •♦  -•       , 

6thly.  How  to  guard  a£ainft  light 
cavalry  and  infantry. 

7thly.  How  to  put  yourfelf  fuddenly 
in  order  of  battle  (on  fight  of  the  enemy) 
when  on  the  march. 

•  ■ '  '  -  •     .  . 

8thly.  When  in  order,  how  to  receive 
hini,  fhould  he  charge  your  flank  or  rear, 

9thly.  How  to  difcover  his  fecrets 
and  conceal  your  own, 

Arrian 

*  See  Xenophoh%  contrivance  in  pafllng  a  river  in 
fight  of  the  Cadutians  aiTemblcd  to  fall  on  Kis  rear,  as 
foon  as  he  began  to  pafs. 


(    63    ) 

Arrian  celebrates  a  manoeuvre  of 
Alexander's  in  pafEng  a  river.  'Tis  a 
pity  he  has  not  laid  hold  of  the  occafion 
in  that  place»  or  in  his  ta&iques,  to  de- 
fcribe  more  intelligibly  fo  fine  an  opera- 
tion. It  is  more  difficult  to  conftrue  than 
Caefar*!  dcicription  of  his  bridge||  over  the 
Rhine;  moreover,  he  leaves  us  in  the 
daA,  by  barely  faying,  "  that  Alexan- 
der covered  his  retreat  by  placing  hisr 
artillery  on  the  bank  of  the  river.-'—' 
The  only  fingle  inftancc  oi  the.  fort  wp 
meet  with  among  the  ancients.  - 


« 


«< 


.-I'll 
1  J    1 


r, 


"^ExPERiiNCE  taught  the  ancients  that 
there  were  advantages  in  time»  place, 
order,  armour  and  ,arms;  all  which 
ifaould  be  iludied. 


A  GENERAL  (hould  have  acquired 
j^^^t  experience  §  by  long  fcrvice;  for 
the  Science  of  war  is  only  to  be  learnt 

"-•r--;  ■;.•-.■.      ,   .  in 

II  CadTsr't  latin  being  in'  th^  ddbiption  truly  meph^h. 
nicaJk/tis  difficult  to  tranflate  it  into Engliih,  with  the 
prope/ technical  terms.    Arrian  is  ftill  tfiore  obfcure. 

$  'Til  faid^  the  marquis  de  Spiaola  (h6wever)  Jiad  ilcf 
cxpci-feqce  in  war,  when  he  took  the  command  in  the 
Netherlands.  \V 

Had^  the  king  of  Prufiia  fkenzfif  &fvkti  but  that  o^ 
the  parade,  when  he  put  himfflf  at  ||^e  hcadof  h^s  army 
in  1740? 

WhairCitero  fays  of  Lucullus  feems  without  foun« 
dation^  ^fbr  he  had  fervcd  in'tk0  MatfiC  war,  and  after 
that  with  Sylla.  :  . 


1  "*m^3 


-    .'  -  - 


'im 


\] 


X):  '■■> 


f\-  i  ;';■ 


■■Kb  .ii'-''i" 


m 


lr:';iV 


;ll«l'iK     ;i-| 


(       64        > 

in  war :  he  Jhauld  perfeStly  know  rtht 
country  and  the  genius  of  the  people* 
where  he  is  to  carry  it  on  ;  the  art  mili- 
tary in  theory  and  pra<ftice,  as  well  as 
that  of  haranguing^  and  commanding. 
The  French  even  think  it  of  importance 
to  be  of  noble  cxtra(5lion ;  for  the  mor« 
illuftrious  the  birth  is,  the  more  xefpe^il 
it  infpires  in  inferiors;  but  the.Bngliih 
have  no  occafion  for  any  ruf:h  infpirAtipa 
to  do  their  duty.  Cyrus  teJU  us,  tliax 
it  does  not  f^ew  Xuch  great  taknjts  to* 
form  a  line  pf  battle  in  front  pr  depth*, 
as  in  detaching  many  fmall  parties,  a 
fropost  to  faU:  upon:  and  har^fs  ^hor  ^dver* 
fary,  which,diftingui£bes  a  gen^ra^ 


I3fl? 


iv 


r  r  ' 


•   'T'T 


Although  officers  are  fuppoled.  |;p 
embrace  the  profeflion  of  arms  from  a 
itootive  of  hon6r,i ,  yet  it  does  not.  opejrgte 
equally  upon  all* '  Troops  are;  UP  longer 
formed  of  thoft  ancient  RQmaftS>:^Qm 
Hiftory  treats  of  as  fo  many  heroes  ! 
fome  a^  from  the  iibbleft  of  principles^ 
Vhile  others  ^r;e  only  excised  tfp  virtue 
by  ordinary  fenttments :  example^  friend* 
fhip,  gratitude  and  fometinies  int^rtil:* 
will  infpire  middling  genius.*s  witfil^^^s 
and  adtions  misch  above  themfelves; 
..J  -  thf^efore 

^  «*  Imperator,  qui  eioquendam  cam  prudtnti^rJ^lH 
junxerit,  quid  incxercitu  praeftaire  non  pQtfd^  '-;w  ;^-  . 


(    «5    ) 

therefore  a  ikilfdl  general  will  fooh 
difccra  the  proper  ufes  to  be  made  of 
thefe  different  characters.  To  under- 
hand them  more  thoroughly,  he  fhould 
Eertnit  an  officer  of  talents  to  approach 
im  witheafe  and  freedom;  hold  fami-^ 
liar  conwrfation  with  him  on  his  bufi- 
ncfs;  praife  him  after  an  exploit;  con- 
dole wiih  him  upon  any  mifhap ;  ano- 
ther, much  inferior  in  abilities  requires 
a$  much  jtnanagcmentj  the  general  ftibuld 
liilen  to  his  ill  told  detail  with  patience, 
help  him  in  it,  and  encourage  him  ;  em- 
ploy him  properly  in  the  cneniy's  coun- 
try, and  reward  him  for  fuccceding  thro* 
meer  dint  of  pains. 

-hTHiJSE  are  the  principal  means  to  gain 
the  a;ffedions  of  the  officers;  I  will' add 
that  Qf  an  opch!  tabic,  which  fhould  ra- 
ther be  plentiful  than  delicate ;  of  eafy 
accefs;  free  at  all  times  to  officers  that 
cortie  from  diflant  quarters,  under  the 
hon^ft  pretence  of  paying  their  refpeds 
to  his  excellenpji  .    . 

^    '         '    .  .  ■  ■  ,        -  '    *■ 

The  general  having  once  gained  the 
hearts  of  his  officers,  .will  foon  become 
mafter  of  thofe  of  his  foldiers,  whofe 
good  opinion  of  him  is  not  Ufs  neceffary. 

F  This 


•,  h 


,■,.»• 


.•-'i-T' 


;  •'.  *'.  "' 


'  ■■;  "Sy.':  ^■ 


ii*'"- 


I"  r '°  "'' 
■t '" 

i 


•'ijl 


(    66    ) 

This  h  fecured  by  his  attention  to  all 
their  wants ;  examination  into  the  qua- 
lities of  bread,  meat,  and  every  thing 
relating  to  their  fubfiftence ;  viiiting  the 
hofpitals  and  medicines  ;  never  expoiing 
hi  men  but  in  neceflity ;  rewarding  good 
behaviour  j  never  refuiing  to  receive  and 
anfwer  letters  or  petitions;  pardoning 
with  plealbre  and  punifliing  with  regret. 


, I.    I     i  '5 


li'kl  ■  H 


i 


1'   '  •  I 


Marshal  Ttircnne  hath  often  attri- 
buted the  fuccefs  of  his  plans  to  the 
practice  of  thefe  maxims ;  and  one  can-* 
not  draw  this  great  man,  without  paint-^ 
ing  them  in  tlie  portrait. 

To  enumerate  the  qualities  tliat  form 
a  Caefar  or  a  Marlborough  (beyond  dif- 
pute  as  true  born  heroes  as  ever  exifled) 
the  pen  of  Homer  would  be  infufHcientl 
all  other  generals  have  been  juflly  found 
fault  with,  in  fome  one  or  other  part  of 
their  political  or  miHf.ary  condudt ;  but 
thefe  two  were  of  fuch  fuperior  abilities 
to  all  that  preceded  them,  that  their 
flips  in  politic  or  war  (if  any  known  only 
to  themfelves)  remain  hitherto  impene- 
trable to  others  !  I  (hall  tlierefore  difmifs 
this  article  before  I  am  irrecoverably  loft, 
as  I  feci  myfclf  finking  out  o'my  depth ! 
?ir  i  '  with 


(    67    ) 

with  remarking  a  piece  of  very  bad  ma- 
nagement, as  well  as  impolitic  for  flates 
to  recal  their  commanders  from  a  coun* 
try  they  have  adlcd  in  with  eclat  for 
many  years^  (the  pofts»  produce  and  po* 
licy  of  which  they  arc  thoroughly  makers 
of)  either  to  pleafe  an  haughty  miniiler 
who  wants  to  favour  anothei*,  or  for  any 
court  intrigue  whatever!  it  being  no 
eafy  Liatter  foi*  the  fucceflbfs  to  acquire 
the  fame  local  ideiH,  befides  taking  a 
con  (ider able  while  to  attain  them  !  fuch 
a  change  can't  be  otherwife  than  preju- 
dicial to  the  prince,  as  it  is  a  given  up 
point,  "  that  one  of  the  firfl  qualities 
**  neceflary  to  generals,  is  a  pcrfed: 
knowledge  of  the  country  wherein 
they  wage  war."  What  a  (habby 
figure  did  England  make  all  over  Europe^ 
after  fuperfeding  the  vidlorious  duke  of 
Marlborough,  out  of  party  pique !  the 
Dutch  bavejDot  yet  forgot  it,  or  entered 
heartily  into  any  of  our  alliances  fince  I 
and  the  £ngli(h  grenacliers  made  a  re- 
gretting fong»  the  burthen  of  which  was 

No  vidory  can  grace  is  now—. 
Since  we  have  loft  our  Marlborough  I 


u 


iC 


■:^..vj 


J*.  ■■ 


.»  >• 


■■■  :»>^; 

:'■      * '  »■ 

■?      .■  .if'   ■■'  .;•  a 
■■,     (■■/  •i'-.*  .1..* 


Fs      SCIENCE 


(I 


H-!'-^ 


i.'ii 


(    68    ) 
SCIENCE    IN    WAR, 

IS  that  of  the  grcatcft  of  men,  fuch 
as  genius,  talents,  education,  expe* 
rience,  and  a  fort  of  infpiration;  but 
the  mechanical  part,  which  is  the  foun- 
dation of  the  other,  may  be  reduced  to 
a  demonOrable  fyftem  in  regard  to  for- 
tifying and  expunging  places ;  inflitutes 
of  experimental  fortification  being  an 
efTay  toNvards  briif|[ing  this  bfanch  of 
military  fervice  to  a  regular  fcience,  by 
(hewing  it's  objedt,  end  and  means,  to- 
gether with  thofe  principles  fubfcrviently 
neceifary.  Such  contemplations  on  war 
would  point  out  and  Shorten  the  way  to 
martial  ikill,  deliver  it  from  the  tyranny 
of  mode,  and  confequently  from  taking 
things  upon  trufl. 

:.:  rfHE  ancicnts  had  thcforles  on  this  art 
that  were  taught  as  other  fci«nces;  flatef* 
imen  (ludied  war,  -and  warriors  politics, 
as  they  were  not  feparate  employments 
at  that  time:  men  of  letters,  who  in- 
tended to  write  hiflory  and  relate  military 
tranfa(5lions  properly,  apphed  themfelves 
ciofcly  to  the  theory  of  war,  notwrth- 
Aanding  all  of  them  had  fervcd  according 
to  the  cuflom  of  the  age, 

w  s/  r,  *.i  ::  ,  ThIS 


(    69    ) 

This  fcicnce,  taken  in  the  largeft 
fcnfc,  is  of  two  forts ;  the  one  abftrac- 
tcd  and  cool,  the  rcfult  of  great  fearch 
and  knowledge  :  the  other  genius  and 
infpiration  (as  it  were)  a  pamon  not  in 
our  power !  the  firft  of  thcfc  may  be  cal- 
led artlHcial ;  the  fecond  natural ;  the 
one,  an  acquifition  obtained  by  learn- 
ing; the  other,  a  faculty  that  cannot  be 
acquired,  but  like  other  natural  powers, 
admits  of  culture  and  improvement.  In 
a  word,  nature  and  arr  muft  concur  to 
make  the  ablcft  of  men  a  perfed  cap- 
tain, which  (with  refpedt  to  Sir  William 
Temple*"  opinion)  **  doth  not  happen 
**  in  centurfes  of  years!"  but  on  the 
whole,  war  is  a  fcience  not  to  be  per- 
fedly  learned,*  although  much  pradticc 
will  make  very  good  generals. 

•  The  foldier  of  Turcnnc*s  army,  that  declined  dif- 
accoutring  himfelf,  or  pitching  his  tent  on  arrivina;  in 
camp  at  12  at  night,  may  be  faid  to  have  learnedthe 
fcience  of  war  in  war.  The  marftial  pafline  by  him, 
»fked;  why  he  did  not  go  to  r^ft  f  he  replied,  becaufe 
I  know,  fir,  that  you  don't  intend  to  remain  here  three 
hours  !  7  urenne  gave  him  his  purfe,  rode  off,  and  de* 
^mped  in  two  hours  afterwards. 


'•':-f ■■■.■',  I 

■'  '       4.  t      " 


■       »■  ■    m  .  'VIU  if     ,  I »    'i  (v  I 


F3    STRATAGEMS 


'n 


m 


(  70  ) 

STRATAGEMS  of  WAR, 

AGESILAUS  fays,  they  4on't  fuc- 
ceed  but  when  the  adverfary  ^as 
a  fufpicion  that  they  are  intended,  and 
counterplots  (hem ;  bv  which  he  may  hp 
drawn  into  the  fnare  he  did  not  expedt ; 
but  they  who  thinly  nothing  about  them, 
give  no  handle  to  be  taken  bv.  Might 
not  cloathing  your  men  in  the  enemy's 
uniforms  be  pradtifed  on  occaiions  with 
eclat  ?  Cimon,  the  farne  day  he  beat  the 
Barbarian  fleet  near  Cyprus,  clad  his  men 
in  Perfian  garments,  furprized  and  cut 
off  the  land  army  of  Xerxes,  at  the  rivef 
^urymodon. 


(^^#*^ 

X 


VICTORY 


SCl;  ''it"'']i 


\ 


(    71    ) 
'  VICTORY, 

MAY  be  cmbcHi(hcd  by  the  manner 
of  ufing  it;  and  is  the  confe- 
quence  and  enTcift  of  good  difcipl'ne : 
therefore'  (hould  rather  be  bought  with 
money,  that  money  with  vidlory ! 

Malo  me  fortuna  peniteat,  quam  vic^ 
toria  pudeat^  fays  an  author  for  AJexan*- 
dcfi  this  thought  fhcws  a  grandeur  of 
foul  above  the  common  run  of  mankind, 
and  worthy  of  that  conqueror,  if  he  was 
fo  great  an  hero  as  hi(lorian$  have  hand- 
ed him  down  to  us  ! 

There's  a  proverb  which  goes  ''that 
**  Hannibal  knew  how  to  win,  but  ^ot 
**  improve  a  vi^kory."  Casfar,  after  his 
at  Pharfalia,  retired  to  his  tent,  to  con- 
iider  maturely  of  the  plan  to  be  purfued 
to  reap  the  advantage  of  the  fuccefs; 
and  it  is  faid,  he  wrote  there  on  his  ta- 
blettes  thefe  words  I  **  it  is  to  day  that 
**  I  begin  to  enter  into  the  path  of  glory, 
**  in  which,  if  I  don't  fupport  myfelf, 
**  by  making  proper  ufe  of  this  vidory, 
^*  my  fall  will  be  greater  than  Pompcy'sl 
*•  perfonal  reputation  increafes  or  dimi- 
f  *  nifhes  in  proportion  as  one  knows  how 


to 


i 


I- 


,1  .'„  • 


,     ...   .  ,  ..,  ' 

if.''!*.-''  i;!'- 


■''*..  i 


m 


'^ 


4'.../? 

«.->> 


Ai. 


1     -^'^  *'l 


'f<Bi.£>.»S'.^l 


rfm 


ff:.'i 
■  »  ".,4 


■  f...V] 


r.; 


¥' 


1H 1 


¥■>  i 


VH 


U'M'    ^-     J, 


^!? ':_•'* 


i 


wmv 


'   I 


(      72      ) 


**  to   bear   fortune.     All   my  Enemies, 
**  now  pri/bncrs,  (hall  be  pardoned ;  Ti- 


(( 


'*  burdus  fhall  have  the  confulion  to  fee 
me,  for  I  will  go  into  his  tent  and 
**  majce  vc\y  peace  with  him  face  to  face! 
f*:I  will  offer  to  every  nian  of  confe- 
*'  quence  that  hath  followed  Pompey'^ 
*'  party,  the  fame  conditions  I  did  ye- 
**  fterday  before  the  battle,  on  account 
*'  of  their  friends  that  have  adhered  tq 
V  mine.  Power  exercifed  to  excefs  grows 
*'  we  k.butufed  with  moderation, ftrong. 
**  Galbipus  is  haughty  and  would  be  ca- 
**  pricious  in  employment;  Stertinvis  is 
**  modeft,  and  his  virtue  deferve^  thq 
**  favor  fortune  throws  in  his  way:  in 
**  this  manner  will  I  acfl,  and  take  my 
f*,  precautions  and  meafure§  fp,  as  to  be 
f*  in  a  (ituation  to-morrow  to  rejoice 
"with  the  whole  army;  for  he,  that 
f*  expofes  his  perfon  in  acjtion  like  pri- 
**  vate  foldiers,  is  only  aHv  ordinary  ge- 
**  neral;  bithe,  who  after  vidlory,  does 
f*  not  teftif)  iiqre  joy  thai^  they,  is  much 
*^^|Tiore  beloved!'* 


yFrom  the  foregoing  refle<flions  it  is 
clear,  that  Caefar  thought  nothing  of 
what  he  had  done  'till  then,  becaufe  he 
reparks^  "  it  is   to  day  that  I  begin,'* 


(    73    ) 

&c.  Fortune  no  fooner  flattered  him 
with  hopes  of  arriving  at  the  point  in 
view,  than  prudence  infpired  him  to 
think  of  the  means  to  obtain  it ;  we 
have  rea  ^  of  many  captains  winning 
battles,  out  very  few  that  knew  how  to 
profit  by  them ;  Caefar  obferves  here,  that 
fortune  difpofes  of  victory;  but  a  ripe 
judgement,  a  wife  conduct  and  experi- 
ence ojily  know  how  to  make  the  beft 
ufe  of  it. 

His  natural  generosity,  which  appears 
in  the  pardon  meditated  for  the  prifo- 
ners  of  war,  hath  fomething  iriexpreffi- 
bly  ftriking  !  but  what  fets  it  above  all 
praife  is,  that  he  does  not  even  except 
his  moft  implacable  enemies :  grand 
ftroke  of  politics  !  for  with  this  cle- 
mency he  difarms  the  remainder,  "  as 
"  a  drop  of  honey  will  catch  more  flies 
f*  than  a  ton  of  vinegar.*' 

The  renewing  of  friendfhip  in  pri- 
vate witli  Tiburtius,  to  fpare  hiin  the 
confufion  fuch  a  meeting  would  have 
produced  in  public,  (hews  that  he  had 
a  noble  foul  capable  of  diftinguifhing  an 
enemy  of  merit  in  the  middle  of  a  croud, 
Pfis  moderation    in   brillant  profpcrity, 

appears 


t  • 


n 
■t'^ 


^m 


1^   't 


'  ,«..'< 


\"i- 


'  '...'"if*!  V'  ^ 
*■     ;5  -'^ ''<:'-  •'•■| 

'   ■  '■*  ■■.•■EU'''  -'  *ll 
..*.''»t'' "Vv.lp'l 


(    74    ) 

'^pears  in  this,  *^  that  he  changes  no« 
*♦  thing  of  the  iconditions  propofcd  before 
•*  the  battle,  although  the  viftory  enti- 
*f  tied  him  to  give  laws  to  the  adherents 
*f  of  Pompey  !'*  this  coup  is  totally  pe- 
culiar to  Caefar,  and  J  believe  has  no 
imitator,  but  one,  I  kno\y  riot  whether 
there  be  a  better  maxin)  among  all  thofe 
pra6tifed  by  the  moderns,  potvy^ithftand- 
jlng  their  unwillingneft  to  yield  to  the 
ancients  in  politics  ;  as  it  is  certain,  that 
he  who  holds  the  reins  of  government 
will  not  be  long  obeyed,  \{  Y\t  doe§  every 
day  what  he  can  !  || 


iMiiii 


u 


'i 


iif  ;j.  ;,■,■,  ['il 


We  may  further  notice  from  thi^ 
great  man,  that  he  was  an  enemy  to  vain 
glory,  becaufe  he  t^lames  it  in  Galbinus^ 
as  on  the  contrary  he  was  charmed  with 
the  modefty  that  rendered  Stertinus 
worthy  his  friendfliip  ;  but  his  clemency 
towards  his  particular  enemies  perfuadcd 
the  people,  that  neither  ambition  or  ha-r 
tred  induced  him  to  take  up  arms,  but 
the  good  of  the  republic  on/y ;  conceal- 
ing by  this  admirable  artifice  his  plan, 


under 


}|  I  have  read  of  a  buiFoon  of  Philip's  the  lid,  of 
Spain,  who  faid  to  that  king  one  day,  •♦  ^ue  ftrois-tUy 
*'  Pbilippet  Ji  tous  tes  Jujets  j'  wvi/aiint  tie  dire  non,  toutts 
*'  lesfois  que  tudis  oiii  V*  reflexion  fqll  of  wifdoni,  and 
worthy  of  an  origin  more  grave. 


;.it  J  ;. 


(    75    ) 

pnder  the  fpecious  pretence  of  the  inte- 
fcft -of  his  country. 

Lastly,  he  puts  off  all  rejoicings 
and  facrifices,  'till  next  day,  as  he  would 
not  lofe  the  critical*  minute  for  contem^ 
plation,  by  giving  way  to  an  unfeafon- 
ablejoyl      ^     '  ^ 

The  little  reflexion  man  generally 
makes  previous  to  his  undertaking,  cau- 
fes  the  frequent  repentance  of  it,  which 
is  only  a  natural  confequence ;  an  hafly 
refolution  is  often  thp  fofe-runner  of 
misfortune;  if  a  man  employs  fome  days 
to  compofe  a  fpeech  to  be  made  in  pub- 
lic, ought  he  not  with  much  greater 
reafon  take  a  longer  time  to  meditate  on 
an  affair,  in  which  depends  the  glory  of 
his  king,  or  the  welfare  of  his  country? 
Demetrius,  fon  of  the  great  Antigonus, 
anfwered  his  general  one  day,  while  he 
was  impatiently  teizing  to  give  battle  to 
Ptolomy,  "  know,  Patroclus,  that  every 
"  event,  where  being  forry  for  it  after- 
^*  wards  ferves  for  nothing,  ought  to  be 
*'  wifely  confidered,  and  concluded  with 

"judgement." 

•  Circumftantia  tnim  hac  temporis  validijjima  in  a£ii»- 
nibus  bominum  efiy  ad:o  ut  quod  nunc  tptimum  tjfet  ngere,  eras 
forfun  (mutsttitnt  temporis)  inufile  et  malum  Jit  futurum.'-T 
Tfcitus. 


.    "^  T  T! 


k: 


^v,.. 


P:- 


1.1.   i.llt*i»*i  t  ■•«l 


t..r. 


■■'■    i^i     4.,-    >'• 


i 

r 

m 


fc.4 


J. '  I;"*"'? 


la-'    Hf. 


•:}    .!'  •^:f 


(76  ) 

"judgement."  Sertorius  was  flow  to 
refolvc,  but  firm  in  his  rcfolutioh  !  this 
is  being  a  great  man  :  for  though  it  be 
allowed  on  certain  occafions,  that  a  quick 
determination  is  beft,  yet  it  muft  be 
weighed,  the  neceffity  has  no  law,  which 
obliges  fuch  hafty  meafures  to  be  adop- 
ted :  for  if  precipitation  in  defign  and 
flownefs  in  execution  produce  favorable 
confequenccs,  they  can  only  happen  by 
chance ;  and  whoever  rifks  in  this  man^ 
ner,  makes  his  life,  (as  well  as  that  of 
others)  a  lottery,  where  for  one  that  i$ 
lucky,  ten  will  be  found  the  contrary, 

After  the  battle  of  Chaeronea,  Phi-, 
lip  difmifled  all  the  Athenian  prifoners 
without  ranfom ;  giving  cloaths  to  fuch 
of  them  as  had  been  (tripped  after  the 
aftion ;  by  which  (Poly bins  fays)  he 
gained  a  fecond  triumph  over  them, 
more  glorious  than  the  firfl,  and  more 
advantageous.  **  For  in  the  battle  his 
"  condudb  oply  conquered  thofe  prefent ; 
'*  his  bounty  and  clemency  gained  the 
**  whole  republic  of  Athens."  This  is 
truly  embellifhing  a  vidlpry  ! 

The  ConfuFs  moderation  after  the 
vidory  at  Chalcis  was  much  more  com- 
mendable than  the  victory  itfelf. 

Antigonus 


<    77    )  ' 

Antigonus,  ufing  his  viftory  with 
difcretion,  ftnt  back  Pyrrhus's  head  and 
body  to  his  fon,  that  they  might  be 
buried  in  his  native  country. 

It  being  ufual  with  troops  to  be  off 
their  guard  after  a  vid:ory ;  then  is  tht 
time  for  the  beaten  army  (with  a  body 
of  frefh  men)  to  attempt  a  furprize  by 
efcalade  on  fome  capital  city  or  poft. 


^♦^ 


,..,, 


■  ,  .■"»«•■ 

,■-.*■■■■*    -      '    >r 
''  '"•J'JIC'*!-"''  ■'? 


QUALITIES, 


»»'S  'v.'  T'' 


I.;'      1. 


(     78     ) 


I 


ij.'.ii'i 


(QUALITIES. 

At^'uhd  for  particulars  (abrolutefy 
ncccflary  for  thofc  in  any  com- 
hiand)  and  from  which  none  that  endea- 
vour are  excluded,  is  that  of  benevolence 
and  clemency :  'tis  inripofiabie  to  difpenfe 
benedls  to  all  I  were  we  always  giving^ 
we  (hould  foon  be  exhaufted  1  but  good- 
nefs,  humanity  and  fweetnefs  of  temper 
are  univerfal  and  perpetual  obligations* 

The  language  of  the  graces  (as  lord 
Chefterfield  terms  it)  is  underftood  by 
a^  nations;  and  although  one  cannot 
do  good  to  every  body,  yet  one  may  be 
gracious,  it  being  a  coin  many  are  con- 
tented with>  and  more  pleating,  to  noble 
minds,  than  mottey !  the  efFed,  the  ami- 
able charadler  of  Teluthius,  had  on  the 
Lacedemonian  feamen,  may  be  found  in 
Xenophon. 

'Tis  the  chef  d*  suvre  of  a  general 
to  engage  the  obedience  of  his  troops  by 
their  afFedlion  for  him  :  a  talent  fo  noble^ 
that  if  Lucullus  had  joined  it  to  his 
many  and  great  qualities,  6cc.  6cc.  Plu- 
tarch. 

Thougii 


,t>  r  r 


folutefjr 

f  com- 

crwiea- 

iifpenfe 
giving, 
t  good- 
temper 
Rations* 

[as  lord 
:ood  by 

cannot 
may  be 
:e  coa- 
o  noble 
le  ami- 

on  the 
bund  in 


HOUGH 


(    79    ) 

i 

Though  nothing  gains  more  on  the 
ioldier  than  an  ex  tempore  eloquence, 
for  which  there  is  fo  often  occaiion,  and 
what  we  are  obliged  to  pradife  daily  in 
ci"il  life ;  yet  how  rartly  do  we  meet 
with  any  that  excel  in  it !  in  Xenophon» 
you  will  &rid  Proxeus  the  Bseotian  giving 
a  confiderable  fum  to  Gorgias  Lcontinus, 
for  teaching  him  tofpeak  and  command* 
The  above  hiftorian  §  was  intruded  by 
Socrates,  and  excelled  in  doing,  fpeak* 
ing,  and  writing, 

Alexander  corifeiKS  Hom^  to  have 
been  his  mafler  in  the  kingly  fcience  of 
war ;  but  was  inflrudted  by  Ariftotle  in 
thoib  lefTons  necefiary  to  a  great  eaptain  : 
He  is  faid,  always  to  hav«  had  the  iliad 
under  his  ^illow^  and  bis  favourite  line 
was  what  alludes  to  Agamemnon. 

Cesar's  fpeech  to  his  army^  unwiK 
ling  to  march  againft  Arioviftus,  is  the 
ijafterpiece  of  military  ciloqucnce,  and 
had  ii  wonderful  cfFedt  f  and  for  fuch 
purpofes,  there  was  a  tribunal  raifed  m 
every  camp,  on  which  the  general  moun- 
ted, when  he  harangued  his  men.  Plu- 
tarch 

i  Socr»tei  docuit  X«nophontem  ic  Platonpm. 


»'*  FT'*.    M 


V  ?■•  *^ 


"mm 


.,  n 


:t 


■    .  r  ' 

■    ■■  %    ■ 

y\.^ 

r      .  '* 

^*"  * . 


y\- 


:.H- 


i, ' 


•■;/•    'M' 


.■■  M:    v    ■'•. 
■ "'     *  '  ..<■■'*  •■»> 


1    ■     'i' ciki 


■  .■■ufx?..  ■'        'J 

'-  ■■■'  ^'  vkm 


V\l 


(■? 


m 


t  ,1 


_,  .      )* 
Pi*'*-    ''  I 


{80   ) 

tarch  mentions  the  influence  Cato's 
fpeech  had  on  the  foldiers  at  pyrac- 
chium.  , 


■'-ft  ,■' 


11  ^-rr- 


rig-    ■•  ■' 


W,  .'-i 


7'hose  of  Hannibal  and  Scipio,  be- 
fore the  battle  of  Ticinus  are  fine;  but 
as  Livy  and  Polybius  relate  them  difFe- 
j-cntly,  'ti$  likely  they  are  the  author's, 
and  not  the  generals. — The  ihortefl  to 
foldiers  are  certainly  befl,  for  they  are 
incapable  of  retaining  long  fpecches.  I 
am  mjch  delighted  with  one  made  by 
a  French  king  to  his  army,  while  he  was 
leading  it  to  battle,  viz.  **je  fuis  votre 
'f^  rot,  et  vous  ttes  franpis  / 

Manners  cbara<fiterize  the  age  in 
which  we  live,  are  the  fources  of  adtions 
ai3id  cbndudt  of  our  lives :  they  alone 
diflinguifh  men ;  inclinations  or  habits 
can  not,  but  as  they  are  fenfible  and 
vifible  by  deeds.  One  (hould  have  a 
difpofition  fittedto  the  bufinefs,  and  join 
the  proper  helps  to  the  difpofition,  it 
bejng  impracticable  to  force  one's  way 
againfl  wind  and  tide ;  we  make  but  a 
flow  pjifTage  when  cither  is  adverfe !  the 
necelSaria  that:  form  great  captains  are 
thofe  that  teach  them  to  think,  reafon, 
fpeak  and  write:  for  who  can  govern 

themfelves 


*i:U: 


Sato's 
)yrac-. 


10,  bfc- 
5 ;  but 
i  difFe- 
ithor*s, 
teft  td 
ley  are 
hes.     I 
lade  by 
;  he  was 
is  voire 


age    in 
adtions 
alone 
habits 
3le  and 
have  a 
and  join 
tion,  it 
e's  way 
e  but  a 
fe!  the 
ins  are 
reafon, 
govern 
tmfelves 


(    8i    ) 

themfelvcs  or  others,  that  are  ignortnt 
of  the  reciprocal  duties  of  foii  ty  (  h  >W 
can  they  judge  of  the  enemy's  probable 
intention,  without  knowing  his  conlU- 
tution,  intered:,  means  and  refources?  or 
what  is  beft  for  thcmTelvcs  to  do  with- 
out a  pcrfedt  knowledge  of  their  own  ? 
without  thcfe  qualities,  a  man  at  the 
head  of  an  army  is  in  the  fame  circum- 
flan  es  with  a  (hip  at  fea,  without  a 
compafs  I 

General  Gage,  endued  with  every 
talent  that  conftitutes  a  great  captain, 
excels  in  the  art  of  thinking,  reafoning 
and  writing  well ;  — See  his  letters  to 
Trumbull,  Randolph  and  Wafhington. 
They  are  as  capital  pieces  as  any  of  anti- 
quity. He  has  alfo  the  art  of  command- 
ing :o  pleafe  all  !  for  if  he  could  not 
difpenfe  favors  to  every  one,  his  refufal 
was  accompanied  with  the  language  of 
the  graces.  From  thefe  rare  qualities, 
his  excellency  was  intruded  by  his  coun- 
try with  the  civil  and  military  govern- 
mei.t  of  America  at  the  fame  inftant  | 
which  though  rivals  and  fo  jeplov^vly 
oppofites  to  each  other  among  us  y?  t 
his  addrefs  and  fkill  united  both  ;*  and 

G  rendered 

•  Hancock  and  the Telefl-men  of  Bofton  (the  bittereft 
cnemici  of  adminiilration)  in  all  their  frequent  rrmon- 

ilrance$ 


1' 


.-ft-- 


•'- .  • '  .1. 


'  '.•■i*#lvi,-..,,    '  .1 

'.  ■'."*■■  i'--"t'"  »l.'l 


r^' 


M 


'1' 


,*    '<• 

^ 

r 

■  J 

, : 

ili' 


ifer 


(  «J  ) 

fenciered  war  and  politics  congenial  in  a 

Britiih  conditation  !  the  mofl  difficult 

^k  an  Englifli  general  can  undertake  I 

Urancei  to  his  excellency  never  failed  to  acknowledge 
kow  fcnfible  the  inhabitants  were  of  his  trtention  for 
their  preservation— -"and  prevention  of  quarrels  Wr 
fween  them  and  the  foldicryf  by  the  wiie  msthodi  b« 
look  CO  govern  both  ! 
.11       ■     ■ 


ji 


:l 


't  ■  . 


r  ■  . 


J     / 


i^-n 


:}ii 

I        ^ua 

*  < 

■       the 

XV 

■       war 

I       in  c! 

ik.-TIM'* 

■       Were 
I      then: 

/ 

I      Oetn( 
I      n)i£:a 
I     tnand 

f 

1     Alexa 
1     but  w 

, 

1    precat 
1     inarch 
1    adlcd  ( 

P  LAN. 

1    ^iunic; 

in  a 
iculs 

on  for 
cU  Vtr 


(  83   ) 

PLAN. 

T^RICLES  tells  the  Athenians  of 
'X^  two  things  ncccflary  for  war  : 
MONEY  and  a  PLAN,  and  lays  before 
them  the  propercft  to  be  followed.  Long 
before  this,  Hecataeus,  the  Mllefian,  dif* 
fuades  the  lonians  from  taking  up  arms 
agaioft  the  king  of  Perfia ;  but  oppofition 
prevailing,  to  (hew  that  he  was  mailer 
of  the  argument,  lie  laid  before  them 
the  very  beft  plan  for  carrying  on  the 
war  :  but  they,  notpurfuing  his  advice 
in  cither,  were  undone  !  as  the  Athenians 
were  by  doing  what  Pericles  had  warned 
them  againfl  I 

-There  are  excellent  plans  of  war  in 
Demoilhenes's  orations ;  fome  of  which 
miicarried  by  the  people  giving  the  com- 
mand to  thofe  unequal  to  the  execution.* 

Some  have  prefumed  to  charge  all 
Alexander's  entcrprizes  with  rafhnefs ; 
but  with  r<^gard  to  the  Perfian  war,  the 
precautions  taken  before  he  began  his 
march,  and  his  condudt  in  Afia,  (hew  he 
aded  on  a  plan,  part  of  which  he  com- 
municates to  Parmenio,  and  the  whole 

G  2  afterwards 


.1. " 


i. ' . 


I   ' 

■1' 


■.^•■^*  ■ 

•■■■    ■  •  (  -r  •         I   - 


,■<■.' 


.mm 


5«'' 


]t    '!       '«' 


(  84  ) 

• 

afterwards  to  his  generals  :  by  which  the 
extent  of  genius  in  him,  and  folidity  in 
the  plan,  is  very  apparent.  ( Arrian,) 

The  king  of  Pruflia,  in  order  to  judge 
of  each  man's  abilities,  and  what  com- 
mand he  was  fitteil  for,  that  he  might 
avail  himfelf  of  what  was  good  in  each 
plan,  ordered  his  generals  to  draw  up 
feparatc  ones  of  the  operations  for  the  en- 
luing  campaign,  in  which  was  to  be 
comprehended  the  defigns  the  enemy 
might  be  fuppofed  to  form,  and  the 
forces  to  be  employed  in  the  execution 
of  each. 

*Tis  a  maxim  incontcflably  true,  that 
on  fecrecy  and  diligence  depends  the 
fuccefs,  or  good  fortune  oi  all  military 
cnterprizes.  A  Prince,  or  his  minifler 
ought  not  to  commit  their  plan  to  any 
but  him  that  is  to  command  and  execute 
it.  A  general  that  eftablifhes  a  plan  for 
a  war,  upon  the  knowledge  he  has  of 
the  country,  the  ftrength  of  the  enemy, 
of  the  fkill  of  his  antagonift,  and  of  the 
intelligence  to  be  drawn  from  the  inha- 
bitants, is  a  great  officer  :  however  cor- 
rect maps  may  be,  he  will  find  little 
dependence  is  to  be  placed  on  them  for 

the 


:-^'! 


:;?!! 


.(    85    ) 

\he  operations  of  a  campaign ;  for  pofls, 
defiles,  rivulets,  fords,  rivers,  &c.  arc 
often  found,  to  be  laid  down  wrong, 
when  the  army  arrives  on  the  fpot. 

One  cannot  regulate  the  ftate  of  the 
war  upon  the  ftrength  and  quality  of  the 
troops  oppofed  to  the  enemy,  as  there 
are  certain  countries  where  the  weak  may 
adl  againrt:  the  flrongj  where  cavalry  is 
of  Icfs  life  than  infantry  :  an  able  com- 
mander much  over-ballanccs  fupcriorily 
of  numbers,  or  advantage  of  ground  ; 
and  the  enemy  (though  three  to  one) 
will  ever  be  (by  to  let  a  hero  get  at 
them. 

*Tis  thecouncil*  athomethat  regulates 
the  plan,  upon  the  advices  given  by  their 
general,  of  whofe  abilities  they  foon 
conceive  a  jufl:  judgment,  by  the  intel- 
ligence he  fends,  and  correfpondence  he 
holds  with  them  :  inflead  therefore  of 
one,  there  fliould  be  feveral  PLANS 
formed;  that  if  fome  be  difconccrted, 
others  may  be  fucccfsfiil ;  a  letter  inter- 
cepted, a  fecrct  divulged,  a  word  let  (lip 
improperly  without  reflexion,  caufes  the 
miicarriage  of  the  projedt  (when  there  is 

G   ^  only 

.   •  Parvi  funt  arma  fori?,  r.iii  fit  ccni:!iuT.  .lomi. 


mm^ 


■'^$t- 


V 


*       'i 


-;,'' 


'I  '    '   ■■.;    : 


,■     '  'I    ',■    "M  .    ■I 


Mm 


m 


.Jf-^ 


(    86    ) 

only  ONE)  of  a  wholccampaigh :  arrorder 
executed  too  foon  or  too  late  ruins  an 
hundred  defigtis  that  neceflarily  conca- 
tenate and  link  together  from  the  firft 
meafures  fchemed  in  the  cabinet  :  in 
fhort,  the  mercfl  trifle  may  fo  chaftge 
the  face  of  affairs,  as  to  oblige  you  to  re- 
gulate the  flate  of  the  war  contrary  to  the 
original  PLAN.  'Tis  (after  having  taken 
the  precautions  afore-mentioned  which 
regard  the  mechanifm  of  war)  that  we  are 
to  concert  the  manner  of  carrying  it  on. 

A  PERFECT  knowledge  of  the  enemy's 
frontier  is  indifpenfably  neceffary ;  a^ 
without  it  nothing  can  be  undertaken, 
let  the  PLAN  be  ever  fo  advantageous.- 
A  ftate  (I  believe)  feldom  engages  in  war 
with  fuccefs,  without  preconcerting  the 
operations  with  it/s  moft  experienced 
officers  ;  a  military  projedt  is  delicate  in 
the  fmalleft  of  it's  parts,  each  of  which 
muft  be  agitated  with  circumfpedlion  ; 
it  is  not  all  to  have  wcil  placed  your 
pieces  at  chefs  ;  it  is  not  all  if  your  jBrft 
movements  have  furnifhed  a  probability 
of  winning  the  game.  No.  So  a  coun- 
cil of  war  mufl  let  nothing  be  wanting 
to  follow  it  to  a  coiiclnfion,  as  money, 
troops,  &c.    It  fl:iou'd  not  lefs  confider 

what 


v^hat  to  do  when  vidorious,  than  when 
the  revcrfe  may  happen  j  to  regulate 
matters  for  the  good,  as  well  as  the  bad 
fortune  ;  and  to  have  refourccs  ready  for 
pushing  on  the  one,  as  well  as  prevent-* 
ing  the  fatal  efFeds  of  the  other. 

Before  you  attempt  to  regulate 
PLANS  for  a  country  you  are  utterly 
flrangers  to,  fend  perfons  (unknown  to 
each  other)  to  reconnoitre  and  fee  if  they 
agree  in  their  obfervations :  few  are  to  be 
found  capable  of  this  kind  of  bufinefs, 
which  requires  uncommon  talents  I  many 
will  follicit  to  be  thus  employed  that  arc 
entirely  unfit  for  fuch  a  commiflion  I 
which  is  of  fuch  great  confequence,  that 
whoever  recommends,  (hould  be  made 
accountable  for  the  performance.  'Twill 
be  prudent  to  fend  others  after  the  firft 
come  back,  and  all  to  make  ivritten  re-- 
ports :  this  is  the  touchflene  of  ability 
or  ignorance. 

Few  know, the  roads  that  arc  to  be 
taken  in  good  or  bad  fortune.  Had  Earl 
Percy  returned  to  Bollon  b)  vlie  fame 
way  he  marched  out  to  Lexington  in 
1775,  probably  his  brigade  (with  which 
he  fe  judicioufly  covered  the  grenadiers 

and 


*>(: 


i.'.-^i*i  .. '',,„■, I 


"''"!*1'i 


■it. 


■  'X 


Ma 


I'  ny  :)';i 

v'. '•  .''  .     'S' 


*',,  '^ 


If.-- 


)»: 


:^ 


;  „ilj^/^ 


■,  (m 


4 


'^m- 


^jVl... 


(    98    ) 

and  light  infantry  of  the  army)  might 
have  been  cut  afF!  His  lordfliip  wifely 
forcfccing  this  confequence,  with  a 
quicknels  of  penetration  peculiar  only  to 
mafters  in  the  fcience  of  war,  gave  the 
rebels  (who  had  way  laid  him,  and  cut 
down  the  bridge  ;it  Cambridge  over 
which  he  had  pafTed  in  the  morni.ig) 
t&e  change,  by  turning  off  towards 
GharL  flown  ;  thereby  avoiding  the  roads 
that  were  lined  wth  concealed  thoufands^ 
and  filing  off  by  thofe  where  he  was  leaft 
ecpv<fled,  gained  the  important  heights 
oa  Bunker-hill,  where  they  durftnot  any 
longer  harrafs  him  !  Thus  extricating  a 
body  from  fu;.h  a  dangerous  fituation, 
into  whi».h,  nothing  but  the  treachery 
and  perfidi(>ufnefs  of  rebels  cou'd  have 
plunged  it,  wou'd  have  puzzled  the  he- 
roes of  antiquity  i  and  the  more  the 
manoeuvre  is  examined  into,  the  more  it 
will  be  admired  by  the  prefent  age  and 
pofterity  !  This  proves,  that  not  only 
generals,  but  all  officers,  that  incline  to 
render  themfelves  ferviceable  to  their 
country,  ought  to  be  fully  acquainted 
with  every  detour  and  bye^road  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  place  where  they 
are  waging  war  ;  but  it  requires  a  certain 
greatncfs  of   mind  and   talents,  which 

neverthelefs 


lit.  . 


'i^'l 


(     89    ) 

ncverthelefs  may  be  attainfed  bydiligcncc, 
being  nothing  elfe  than  a  paffion  for  arms. 
he  cowb  dceil,  once  thought  not  to  be 
reduced  into  method,  is  now  found  to 
be  learned  by  pradice.  With  thefe  two 
fciences  then  (fo  confpicuoufly  abound-, 
ing  in  his  lordfhip)  where  is  it  you  can- 
not penetrate  ?  You  are  with  them  ena- 
bled to  regulate  prccifely  the  PLAN  of 
a  whole  campaign  upon  certain  principles. 

When  you  undertake  great  things, 
you  (hou*d  think  of  the  means,  by  which 
the  army  is  to  fubfift  ;  and  to  have  your 
rear  free  and  open  to  prevent  the  enemy 
from  intercepting  your  convoys.  Small 
armies  move  with  eafe,  the  general  being 
at  hand  to  fee  every  thing  either  on  a 
march,  in  the  field  of  battle  or  incamp- 
ment :  he  can  give  his  orders  every  where 
at  will,  and  is  never  forced  to  quit  an 
auvantageous  polition  from  want  of  pro- 
vifions,  as  he  can  find  fubfiftence  any 
where.  In  war,  the  alternative  is  fuch, 
**  that  what  is  of  fervice  to  us  diftreil'es 
"  our  adverfary,  6c  vice  verfa/'  All  the 
projects  poflible  to  form  can  have  no  fe- 
curity,  'till  you  have  moil;  minutely  re- 
volved in  your  mind  every  obflacle  ^n 
enemy  can  throwin  your  way,  to  fruftrate 
then),  CAMPS, 


ri  •  >!  ,1.' 


■  ■■■■'  iv^.^m 


\i  -f  'hi 


I 


i,    •  -.t 


.■fi 


(    90    ) 

CAMPS,    TENTS,    8cc, 

^HOSE  of  the  Hebrews  arc  the  moft 
ancient  of  any  we  have  account 
of;  the  difpoiition  is  worth  confidering : 
rt  was  quadrangular,  about  twelve  miles 
in  circumference,  and  inclofed. 

The  roman  camp  was  generally  fquare 
or  oblong;  though  we  fometimes  find 
them  of  a  different  form,  for  the  fake 
of  fome  greater  advantage  of  ftrength  or 
conveniency  from  the  nature  of  the  place. 

The  Lacedemonians  made  theirs 
round,  as  the  moft  capacious  of  any 
geometrical  figure,  and  more  defenfiblc 
by  equal  numbers,  than  the  fame  quan- 
tity of  ground  in  another  fliape. 

The  forts  (fo  very  common  in  Ire- 
land) called  Danifh,  are  round  with  a 
ditch,  rampart  and  frequently  a  vault 
under  the  area  within,  large  enough  to 
contain  the  women,  children,  infirm 
and  whatever  was  combuftible,  in  cafe 
of  an  attack  ;  fome  of  them  cou'd  lodge 
from  an  hundred  to  150  families.  ^ 

.  The 


{     90 

The  Romans  had  a  regard  to  health ; 
cfpecially  of  the  two  elements,  air  and 
water  ;  to  clcanlincfs,  by  the  choice  of  a 
declivity;  to  convenicncy  of  fuel,  forage 
and  a  market,  if  they  were  to  abide  any 
time  :  an  afpedl  fouth-caft  was  moft  dc-' 
fired  with  an  open  view  ;  their  tents  held 
ten  men  ;  theAlgerinc  contain  twenty  : 
the  latter  count  the  flrength  of  their 
army^by  the  number  of  them:  thofe 
for  the  foldiery  anciently  were  made  of 
Ikins,  very  ufeful  for  other  purpofcs  ; 
and  at  this  time  in  Alia  the  erratic  tribes 
ufe  fuch.  In  Barbary,  the  people,  who 
live  always  in  tents,  have  them  of  cloth 
made  of  camel's  or  goat's  hair.  The 
Kalmuc  tartars  cover  theirs  with  foft 
thick  felt,  each  piece  about  the  fize  of  a 
dcer-flcin,  but  lighter. 


( . 


■*io- 


Arrian  tells  us,  Alexander  ufed  the 
foldiers  tents  to  pafs  his  army  over  any 
river  that  lay  on  his  march,  by  fewing 
the'fkin  clofe  and  fluffing  it  with  ftraw  i 
**  that  hepaffed  the  Ifter  by  thefe  means." 


■j*."' 


-■•-■J-;**'!;.," 


.'.■■.\  ■■   V- '  : ;  i),    <^' 


Thevenot  defcribes  the  manner  of 
making  floats  of  Ikins  5  and  went  down 
the  Tigris  in  one  of  them,  which  carried 
paffengers  and  merchandizes. 

Xenophon, 


*  ^ 


MM 


ilSb 


(   92   ) 

:  "Xfnophon,  in  his mbft famous  retreat, 
mentions  a  propofal  made  to  Terry  his 
army  over  the  Tigris  on  (kins,  as  if  the 
invention  was  then  new :  it  is  flill  in 
pradtice,  for  very  lately  feme  of  our  offi- 
cers, that  made  an  excurfion  /rom  Gib- 
rahar  to  Barbary,  in  their  road  from  Te- 
tuan  to  Fez,  were  ferried  over  rivers  on 
ikins;  and  in  Spain  it  is  common  to  fee 
hogfkins  full  of  wine  fo  weli  fcwed,  that 
no  cafk  can  be  made  tighter.    ' 

It  may  not  be  foreign  to  obferre,  that 
in  Portugal  they  make  bottles  for  liquor 
of  pliable  leather,  which  are  the  beft  of 
all  others  for  foldiers. 

Arrian  informs  us  of  another  ufc 
made  of  their  tent  necelTaries,  **  that 
the^  took  the  iron  pins  fitted  for  pitch- 
ing, fluck  them  into  the  walls  and 
"  fcaledthc  town  !'* 

The  moderns  are  governed  by  mode, 
tind  the  manners  of  the  times  force  us 
to  give  into  other  people's  tafte  !  May  I 
not  aik  here,  whether  hair,  wool  or 
linen  keep  out  and  throw  off  water  beft? 
which  is  lighteftof  carriage  in  wet  wea- 
ther :  v/hi^h  is  apt  to  be  moft  damaged 

by 


€( 


4€ 


it 


it 


f€ 


it 


it 


€t 


(    93    ) 

by  being  packed  up  moid  ?  and  which 
is  chear-eft  ? 

It  is  wonderful  with  what  eale  and 
difpatch  they  put  on  and  take  off  the 
baggage  of  the  beafts  of  burthen  in  Tur- 
key !  "  five  or  fix  men  only  unloaded  at 
night,  and  re-loaded  in  the  morning 
150  beafts  (of  which  our  caravan  con- 
fifted)  fo  readily,  with  fo  much  eafc 
and  quiet,  that  we  hardly  perceived  it ! 
three  men  will  charge  an  hundred 
camels  in  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour !" 
Belon  fhew.s  how  it.  is  performed. 

Long  experience  hath  made  the  Mo- 
gul's army  fo  prom.pt  in  pitching,  ftrik- 
ing  and  loading  their  tents,  'tis  incredi- 
ble! and  for  the  fame  reafon  cf  prac- 
tice, his  camp  has  all  the  order  and  con- 
venience this  way  of  lodging  is  capable 
of.  Therefore  officers  fkilled  in  caftra- 
metation  are  to  confider,  whether  art  can 
make  any  improvement  with  us  ?  One 
particular  of  the  Mogul's  troops  is, 
"  every  perfon,  according  to  his  ftation 
•*  and  bulinefs,  has  the  fame  fpace  and 
"  place  in  every  camp,"  as  the  Romans 
had. 


'V;t   ■   '■'. 


! 


I  ■.• 


♦  ; 


1  *  jh!"  ■ .  J  ■ 


^^  i  \ 


•?--r;^^  ,;. 


Roman 


!{'rK 


Z    I 


(    94    ) 

RoiviAN  arnTilcs  were  not  to  Ilea  night 
in  the  field  but  in  camps  intrenched,  the 
advantages  of  which  were, 

1.  They  were  not  to  be  furprized. 

2.  They  flcpt  in  fecurity  with  fewer 
guards. 

3.  Order  and  quiet  were  better  pre- 
fervcd.' 

i  V4.  The  lick  arid  wounded  were  better 
attended  to,  and  out  of  danger  of  the 
enemy. 

5.  Their  cavdryhad  no  night  guards. 

6.  Discipline  and  the  fecret  better 
kept. 

7.  The  country  was  lefs  harraffed. 

8.  The  araiy  had  a  flrong-hold 
wherever  they  were  in  the  enemy's  coun- 
try ;  and  a  fure  retreat  in  cafe  of  any 
misfortune  in  battle. 

Constant  pradice  had  made  them 
fo  expert  in  field  fortificatipn,  that  it 
was  done  in  two  hours  by  the  number 
gf  men  the  camp  was  defigned  for,  and 
Pompey's  at  Pharfalia  contained  55,000 
infantry  with  7000  cavalry,  &c.  &c  ! 

As 


(    95    ) 

As  it  was  a  fundamental  of  their  mi- 
litary conflitution  not  to  hazard  a  battle 
'till  they  had  compleated  their  camp, 
Paulus  iEmilius  fufpended  the  ardour  of 
the  troops  from  engaging,  for  the  reafon 
principally  that  his  was  not  fortified; 
therefore  the  military  tribunes,  that  com- 
manded the  river  Alia,  were  reproached 
for  fighting  before  they  had  chofen 
camp,  or  intrenched  themfelves.  Cxfar 
reftraincd  his  met.  from  purfuing  the 
enemy,  becaufe  it  was  nigh  dark,  and  he 
wou'd  not  have  time  to  intrench  and 
fortify ;  but,  on  another  occa£on,  hav-^ 
ing  routed  them,  while  the  purfuit  laft* 
cd,  he  drew  oiF  a  legion  in  order  to  lay 
out  and  prepare  the  camp. 

Each  foldier  carried  on  a  inarch  a  pal- 
lifade,  which  was  a  ftrong  branch ;  in  the 
trimming  of  it  h^  left  3  or  4  boughs  ot 
twigs  on  one  iide,  fliarpencd  to  a  point 
and  hardened  in  the  fire ;  the  camp  being 
marked  out,  the  whole  (only  quitting 
their ihields)  fct  about  digging  the  ditch, 
commonly  nine  feet  deep  when  near  an 
enemy  :  of  the  earth  flung  up  they  made 
atampart  4  or  5  feet  high,  which  was 
ftrengthenedon  the  outfide  by  fixing  thefc 
pallifades  deep  in  the  ground  fo  clofe, 
■'  that 


«   ■ 


:  .Hi 

■:,h-   ..•■H3; 


■),♦' 


4 


'M',t3\l 


4> 


(  96  ) 

that  the  (harp  boughs  might  cfofs  ob- 
jiqucly  with  their  points  outwards  j  in 
this  manner  they  fupported  each  other, 
and  formed  an  hedge  bridling  with 
thorns  very  difficult  to  penetrate.  Poly- 
bius  (from  whom  we  have  this  defcrip- 
tion)  agrees  that  the  Greeks  were  not 
comparable  to  the  Romans  in  this  ref- 
pedl.  The  camp  forming  always  a 
fquare,  there  was  a  gate,*  or  fally-port 
on  each  face  leading  acrofs  the  rampart 
and  ditch  where  guards  were  ported,  the 
being  abfent  or  flraggling  from  which 
was  puniflied  with  Death;  befixies 
thefe,  a  number  of  foldiers  were  ordered 
as  a  picquet  ready  to  march  on  the 
fhorteft  notice.  We  admire  with  juftice 
the  order,  difcipline  and  detail  of  the 
fervice  of  the  Romans,  as  well  as  their 
attention  to  inllrudt ;  who,  from  the 
triburc  to  the  centinel,  knew  precifcly 
their  duty  on  every  diTerent  occafion. 

Polybius 

*  See  Jofephus  as  to  the  order  of  a  Roman  jamp. 
Tacitus  mentions  the  augurial  gate,  whick  it  iuppofed 
to  be  fame  with  the 

Prffitorian, 


5?. 

. 

£♦    3 

tr  n 

0  ^• 

7P^ 

Ha"' 
•n-S 

=^  o 

♦•5 


# 


Decumen,  or  gate  in  the  rear, 
through  which  Pompey  redi  4  in  hafte  after  Pharfalia ! 


fs  ob- 
is)  in 
other, 
r  with 
'  Poly- 
cfcrip- 
:rc  not 
lis  rcf- 
wvays   a 
lly-port 
rampart 
led,  the 
I  which 

befides 
ordered 

on   the 

fjuftice 
of  the 
as  their 
•om  the 
recifcly 
ccafion. 
olybius 

lan  camp. 
[ii  iuppofed 


# 


In  the  rear, 
Pharfaiia  I 


(   97    ) 

Polybius  lays  down  this  model  to  all 
belligerent  powers. 

.  The  moderns  encamp  in  lines ;  the 
referve  (when  the  general  is  pleafed  to 
have  one)  is  either  in  front,  rear,'  right 
or  left  of  the  army,  as  it  may  befl:  afford 
protedion  to  the  people  bringing  provi- 
fion  to  fell.  Wherever  it  be,  it  is  ari 
invariable  practice,  that  it  is  not  only 
out  of  all  infult,  but  in  perfedl  fecurity. 
The  court  of  France  (not  the  commander 
in  chief)  always  nominates  a  favourite 
general  to  command  this  body,  wh6  is 
not  removeable  from  it,  but  by  the  fame 
authority  J  formerly  there  was  no  infan- 
try in  this  Corps,  as  cavalry  more  ex-^ 
peditioufly  gained  the  poft  ncceflary  : 
but  experience  hath  taught  us,  in  the 
late  wars,  of  what  importance  it  is  ta 
have  battalions  interlined  therewith, 

■f  »  '  • 

The  incampment  never  devances  the 
troops,  when  there  is  any  probability  of 
it's  being  molefted  by  the  adverfary ;  but 
accompanies  them  till  fuch  time  rs  the 
whole  approach  the  terreln  to  be  occu- 
pied, when  the  army  will  halt  in  co- 
lumns or  otherwife,  while  the  ground  is 

marking  out. 

.     .  H  Camps 


r,y.r- 


(    98    ) 

Campb  of  abode  ought  to  be  fur- 
rounded  with  cavalry  and  infantry  inter- 
mixed ;  thofe  of  paHagc  depend  on  the 
general's  will  for  their  fccurity.  A  guard 
of  horfe,  well  pr  fled  and  vigilant,  isfeU 
dom  carried  off;  it  may  be  attacked, 
nay  beaten,  if  the  officer  engages  in  an 
affair,  in  (lead  of  prudently  retiring,  'till 
on  his  intelligcnc*;  the  piquets  arrive  to 
fuftain  him  :  the  carrying  of  a  guard  is 
rather  of  eclat  to  the  individual  than  ad- 
vantage to  the  public, 

A  CAMP  generally  receives  the  name 
of  the  village  marked  for  head  quarters, 
which  (hould  (if  pradicable)  be  behind 
the  centre  of  the  lines,  out  of  cannon 
fhot  of  the  enemy,  and  not  liable  to  be 
invefted ;  to  obtain  the  one  and  avoid 
the  other,  prefer  an  indifferent  bourg  to 
a  grand  one :  the.incampment  to  be  nigh 
rivers,  brooks,  to  get  water  abundantly 
convenient,  and  the  field  of  battle  in 
front  of  the  firfl:  line  ;  but  neither  com- 
manded by  heights  or  eminences  from 
whence  artillery  may  incommode  them. 
To  prcferve  fufficient  water  for  a  nume- 
rous body  out  of  a  fmall  rivulet  requires 
great  attention  ;  no  horfes  admitted  to 
ride  in ;'  no  linen  waihed  there ;  no  ket- 
tles, 


c  fur- 
in  tcr- 
on  the 
i  guard 
,  is  fcl- 
tacked» 
s  in  an 

,g,  'till 

irrivc  to 
guard  i« 
.han  ad- 


f  cannon 
ble  to  be 
nd  avoid 
bourg  to 
be  nigh 
undantly 
attic  in 
er  com- 
es from 
c  them, 
a  nume- 
requires 
itted  to 
no  ket- 
tlesi 


(    99    ) 

ties,  or  any  thing  dirty  to  approach  it ; 
but  every  one  to  draw  in  clean  buckets 
what  is  wanting.  To  have  this  obeyed 
with  flridnefs  and  punctuality,  place 
centinels  on  purpofe  :  by  incamping  al- 
ways in  the  fame  manner  (as  much  as 
the  ground  permits)  the  troops  will  be 
acculiomed  to  their  flations,  and  readier 
in  turning  out  when  required  :  but  take 
care  (wherever  you  pitch)  to  have  it  in 
your  power  to  decamp  at  a  moment,  as 
well  as  not  to  be  overflowed  by  the  ene- 
my* or  torrents  from  mountains. 

A  CAMP  fhou*d  never  be  too  near  a 
narrow  river,  unlefs  you  poflcfs  both  iides 
of  it  i  for  othcrvvife  the  oppofite  fmall 
arms  wou'd  greatly  annoy  it;  there  ftiou'd 
be  feveral  avenues  in  the  rear  to  retreaf 
by  without  embarraffment.  For  which 
purpofe,  'tis  material  to  guard  veil  all 
defiles  leading  that  way  ',  but  if  you  are 
compelled  to  remain  in  one  againd  your 
will,  and  want  water,  experience  teaches 
us  to  dig  wells ;  and  by  dint  of  labour^ 
it  \yiU  be  fov^nd  :  if  muddy,  you  mufl 
then  decamp  at  all  hazards  to  avoid 
jicknefs.  Hilly  grounds  are  the  healthieft 
and  ftrongeft,  becaufe  the  alTailants  are 
generally  out  of  breath  in  forcing  them  : 

H  2  but 


!1 


•'•■'■"If 


■■■'.i.r  ■.'■   t 


^%m 


(    i<50    ) 

but  the  fafeft  camp  is  that  under  the 
cannon  of  a  town. 

Every  officer  knows  (or  ought  to 
know)  what  is  proper  for  the  interior 
police  of  a  camp,  where  the  army  is  to 
remain  ;  alJ  filth  from  butcheries,  dead 
horfes,  dogs,  and  the  old  neceflary  houfes 
to  be  covered  and  filled  up  with  earth  : 
thefe  cares  fall  upon  the  majors  of  re- 
giments. The  count^-y  people  fhou'd 
be  prohibited  from  fleeping  flax  or  hemp 
in  the  waters  that  run  by  your  ground^ 
for  at  leall  20  miles  about  it.  Stagnated 
ponds  or  marflies  fhou'd  be  drained ;  and 
what  is  flill  of  more  confequence,  the 
foldiers  kept  in  from  flraggling,  or  ma- 
rauding :  they  will  either  delert,  or  be 
murdered  by  the  peafants ;  frequent  roll- 
calling  only  can  prevent  thefe  lofTes. 

•  If  the  fcene  of  adlion  lies  in  an  open* 
level  country,  it  is  neceflary  that  one 
fourth  of  your  army  be  compofed  of 
cavalry  :  but  if  in  a  mountainous,  woody, 
and  clofe  diftridl,  then  a  feventh  part,  or 
Icfs  may  fuffice. 


it'll    *^fi  •     *j|; 


PREPARATIVES 


( 


lOl      ) 


/••■■A, 


PREPARATIVES  of  WAR* 

THESE  are  difciplined  men,  money, 
ammunition,  provifion,  hofpitals, 
guides,  fpies,  &c.  &c.  but  firft  of  dif* 
cipline,  on  the  exadl  obfervation  of 
which  depends  the  prefervation  of  an 
army,  that  of  a  country  and  fuccefs  of 
cnterprize.  Severity  ought  never  to  be 
relaxed  on  this  article,  for  vi^ithout  it 
troops  are  more  pernicious  than  ufeful ; 
more  formidable  to  their  friends  than 
foes  !  it  requires  time  indeed  to  difci* 
pljne  and  make  men  martial,  but  the 
trouble  is  amply  requited  by  the  confe- 
quencts ;  they  obey  and  fight  better  for 
it.  Soldiers  ftiou'd  very  rarely  be  par- 
doned a  crime ;  the  fear  of  punifhmeut 
reftrains  them  more  than  clemency  :  at 
the  fame  time,  any  great  action  of  theirs 
fhould  not  be  buried  in  oblivion,  but 
praifed  andrecompenfed.  Crimes  capital, 
among  all  regular  armies  in  Europe,  are 
facrilege,  treafon,  murder,  defertion, 
theft,  difobedience  in  important  matters, 
mutiny,  &c.  &c. — In  corporal  punifti-. 
ments,  fome  reg^'ments  drum  out  the 
delinquent  immediately  after  inflidlion. 


H 


It 


^^{ 


«      ': 


f^J, 


>.l 


'* 


V 


-1. 


r 


Ii:fe:'i4 


Mil' '  '^^^ 


(      102     ) 

It  18  of  equal  importance  that  foldiers 
appointed  to  the  battering  and  field  pieces 
fhou'd  be  thoroughly  inftiafted  and  well 
trained  to  them  i  as  it  hath  been  fre- 
quently remarked,  the  guns  arc  feldom 
well  pointed  or  ferved  ;  which  will  oc- 
cafion  unequal  firings,  and  of  little  efFedt: 
to  fire  true,  the  platforms  fhou'd  be  fo- 
lidly  firm,  not  pliant ;  the  powder  all  of 
one  fort ;  which  if  you  change  the  fliot 
varies. 

The  advantage  of  good,  and  the  fa- 
tality of  bad  are  fo  certain,  'tis  amazing 
difcipline  ihould  be  fo  negleded  among 
us,  by  contenting  ourfelves  with  evolu- 
tions and  the  manual  exercife,  which 
compofe  but  a  part  of  it !  and  in  which 
the  ufe  of  the  legs  is  perhaps  of  more 
utility  than,  that  of  the  h^'ids ;  as  we 
find  Caefar  (in  a  cafe  of  extremity)  teach- 
ing his  men  a  ftep  they  had  not  before 
been  accuilomed  to. 


m 


III  dffciplined  troops  confine  the  ta- 
lents of  :he  general  -,  good  ones  give 
fcope  to  his  genius ;  as  for  inftance,  Peter 
the  great  and  his  Mufcovites  :  a  great 
captain  will  do  fomething  with  bad, 
while  the  beft  are  of  fmall  fervice  under 


an 


C    103    ) 

^h  infafficient  commander.  The  roman 
youth  vied  with  each  other  in  valour, 
obedience  and  difcipline  :  the  latter  pre- 
ferves  armies ;  the  want  of  it  has  deflroycd 
many.  Misfortune  in  the  field  was  paffed 
over  gently  by  the  ancients,  but  n^glcdk 
and  tranfgrefiion  of  difcipline  were  un- 
pardonable and  punifhed :  no  fufFcring 
was  thought  too  fevcre  for  them  who  en- 
deavoured to  perfuade  others  to  a  con- 
tempt of  it,  or  relaxation  from  labour ; 
or  who  openly  or  fecretly  ftirred  up  dif- 
content.  The  fpirit  of  fedition  or  cabal, 
(which  is  a  fpecies  of  madncfs)  fhou'd  be 
extirpated  ;  as  nothing  is  more  pernici- 
ous to  armies,  whether  the  patient  be  of 
rank  or  not :  for  we  know  as  well  as  they 
did  in  the  days  of  yore,  that  any  conta- 
gion which  afFedts  difcipline  weakens 
troops  more  than  ficknefs ;  but  we  are 
not  fo  careful  to  prevent,  much  lefs  to 
avoid  the  contagion  of  mili^^^ary  virtues, 
as  we  do  that  of  diftempers.  Our  exer^ 
etfe,  how  feeble  is  it  in  comparifon  of 
theirs  !  they  never  taught  any  motion  but 
what  was  neceflary  in  adion  or  in  march- 
ing ;  they  {hewed  the  eafieft  way  of  per- 
forming it ;  and  diftinguiflied  them  who 
joined  addrefs  to  valour ;  preferred  con- 
dudt  to  bravery  and  the  wifdom  of  pre- 
venting 


w. '  ^\ 


'•&• 


iS* 


i:^^ 


\i. 


■A  iL, 

•■■:  «■ 


:'*.-';■  "■■'  ■ 


4 


■      'A 


^r'-::.\ 


1  .  i  .  I, 


;  ^V^. 


{     104    ) 

venting  faults  to  the  difagreeable  remedy 
of  punifhing  them.  It  was  their  Gonftant 
maxim,  that  war  fliou'd  in  fome  degree 
fupportitfelf ;  not  to  make  peace  but  when 
vidtorious,  and  to  fubjedt  as  well  as  fub-» 
due ;  therefore  they  never  deftroyed  the 
people  or  wafted  their  country :  They 
were  not  to  kill  an  enemy  that  fubmitted, 
or  even  to  fell  him  ;  fenfible  that  the 
power  of  the  ftate  confifted  more  in  the 
number  of  the  people  than  in  the  extent 
of  territory,  and  that  they  could  never 
'  want  land  who  had  troops  fufficient  to 
conquer  it. 


1:? 


I) 


Obedience  is  the  foundation  of  dif- 
cipline,  and  there  was  no  other  way  to 
preferment  among  the  Romans,  than 
through  this  rugged  path  5  it  was  made 
the  firft  ftep  towards  command,  and  that 
over  one's  felf  is'^a  great  recommendation 
to  the  command  of  others.  Marius  re- 
marks, "  They  envy  the  dignity  which 
**  the  free  choice  of  the  people  has  con- 
**  ferred  upon  me  !  Why  don't  they  envy 
**  the  pains  and  perils  I  have  gone 
*'  through  ?  the  wounds  I  have  received 
*'  in  battle  ?  I  have  obtained  command 
**  by  long  obedience,  they  wou'd  com- 
**  mand  without  having  obeyed  !"   Livy 

^  tells 


(    '^os    ) 

tells  us  of  40  Knights  being  degraded  by 
the  cenfors  for  difobedience  !  and  Pliny, 
**  that  the  cenfors  deprived  a  reman 
**  knight  for  a  pert  anfwt  ,  which  was 
**  difobedience  to  refpedt  eftablifhed  by 
"  authority."  From  good  difciplinc  and 
the  manners  of  the  times,  the  ancients 
had  fewer  wants  and  were  more  abfte- 
piious.. 


r-' 


♦.: 


■t. 


,',»1 

(*i- 

^;1- 


^ii,.&^ 
^4* 


MONEY. 


4  A    >  TO/, 


(    106    ) 


M    O    N    E    Y. 


U'^,  jK 


ALL  the  world  acknowledge  this 
article  to  be  the  finew  of  war,  for 
without  it  all  is  flagnated  !  it  ought  to 
be  proportioned  to  the  confumption  ne- 
celTary,  for  the  French  fay,  *'  foirtt 
d' argent  point  de  fuijje  /"  and  we,  **  no 
"  longer  pipe  no  longer  dance  !"  and  fo 
I  difmifs  this  ingredient,  with  what 
Pericles  told  the  Athenians,  "  that  war 
**  muft  be  carried  on  by  a  flock  of  mo- 
*^  ney,  and  not  by  the  tardy  donations  of 
•*  allies  or  fuch  taxes  as  they  could  col- 
*'  led: ;  that  want  of  a  fund  wou'd  be  the 
**  enemies  greateft  hindrance,  as  it  muft 
**  come  in  lo  flowly;  and  the  having  none 
**  beforehand,  retard  their  operations 
*'  and  /ruftrate  opportunities  :  for  that 
**  fuccefs*  depended  on  a  ftore  of  coin/* 


^  ;*''/-| 


h\ 


It 


Formerly  ftateslaidbyanannualfum 
facred  to  war  alone.  Glory  was  made 
a  fund  among  the  ancients  !  it  fpared 
the  public  treafure ;  lengthened  out  pro- 
vilions  J  fhortened  painful  marches  ; 
lightened  labour,  and  was  inexhauftible  ! 

'  but 

"  •  Tkc  rebels  then  muft  ever  be  unfaccefsful  \ 


(    ^«7    i 

but  when  gold  became   preferable  to 
glory,  both  were  rendered  Icfs  ferviceable. 

Oeconomy  is  a  fund,  without  which 
the  greateft  provifion  and  income  will 
be  infufficient,  and  is  of  more  advan- 
tage in  war  than  in  any  other  caufe  of 
expence :  goqd  difcipline  with  a  fmall 
bank  will  do  more  than  the  largeft  trea« 
fure  without  it ! 


"    '       ^  .'I.    V 


J 


■J] 


'  C  .:  ".■■■' 
'■''■,' 


■(».,>;    •"' 


-■■;,•      ,     i: 


';..-  *  .  -J: 


.? 


^ 


4      .3'i    ,     4.  »,| 


AMMUNITION, 


(    io8    > 


I: 


Ik  'r'^tTi 


Jit;  <^ h  -^    ■?    ■  '■■■',  -    I 


l'*i! 


ll! 


AMMUNITION,  PROVISION. 

THEREb'eing  partlcuhr  diredors 
for  thefe  departments,!  (hall  only 
remark,  that  the  commiffaries  and  pro- 
voft  form  regulations  in  regard  to  the 
latter,  compairing  the  firft  coft,  and 
making  allowances  for  danger  and  trou- 
ble. Every  fuccefs  may  be  expedted  from 
troops  well  fupplied  with  both.  A 
French  officer  fays,  "  an  army  is  a  mon- 
**  flcr  for  whofe  belly  you  muft  provide 
**  nourifhment  before  it  can  move  !" 
Defertion,  ficknefs,  negledl  of  duty,  ani- 
mofity  of  the  peafant  defending  his  pro- 
perty will  be  the  effeds  of  want,  fcarcity 
or  bad  provilions !  ammunition  bread  to 
be  made  particularly  good  ;  therefore  'tis 
bed  to  have  portable  ovens  of  iron  (like 
the  Pruffians)  to  bake  on  the  march,  as 
a  waggon  will  carry  in  flower  three  times 
the  quantity  that  it  can  in  loaves. 
Butcher's  meat  never  to  be  ferved  to  the 
foldiers  frefh  killed,  becaufe  it  is  heavier 
hot  than  cold,  by  which  they  are  cheated 
ill  their  weight ;  beer  and  fpirits  are  not 
fo  necellary,  as  both  may  be  difpenfed 
with  :  but  profit  draws  retailers  of  each 
after  a  camp. 

BREAD 


[ON. 

rectors 
ill  only 
id  pro- 
to  the 
I,    and 
d  trou- 
:d  from 
:h.      A 
a  mon- 
provide 
move  I 
ty,  ani- 
lis  pro- 
fcarcity 


EAD 


(     109     ) 

•  •  ■    • 

BREAD    AKD    CORN. 

I^SAR  follovi^ed  the  Swifs  for  i^ 
days  together  in  fuch  a  manner, 
that  his  van  and  thc'ir  rear  were  hardly 
more  than  five  miles  afunder  at  any  time  ; 
but  as  the  period  for  delivering  out  corn 
approached,  the  foldiers  having  only  for 
three  days  remaining  about  them,  he  gave 
up  the  purfuit.  What  a  weight  muft 
each  man  have  carried  !  for  every  one 
•was  allowed  a  modus  oi  wheat  for  8 
days,  which  amounted  to  two  pounds 
and  an  half  per  dieni  5  and  Pliny  au- 
thorizes me  to  fay,  **  a  modus  weighed 
**  about  twenty  pounds,'*  and  the  brCad 
made  of  it  one  third  more  than  the  corn  ! 
the  allowance  was  large,  becaufe  it  was 
the  readied,  wholefomeft  and  heartieft 
food  for  mankind,  and  the  foldiers  ac- 
commodated it  feveral  ways  for  his  ufe  : 
he  baked  cakes,  drefTed  frumety,  and 
boiled  it  in  milk  or  water  with  other 
things  mixed  ;  it  is  faid,  what  we  call 
howiy  wheat  derives  from  this. 

Every  legionary  always  carried  8 
days  bread,  twice  and  thrice  as  much  on 
fuch  extraordinary  occalions  as  a  forced 

march. 


r   ( 


,i  ' 


I 


m 


-w 


'^s*s- 


'i ' 


i  ■  1 


,t    ,.'■   *;■-  • 


-Mm 


-■■^. 


'■''y"A 


!■■  '.—  HI 


'■■'i  ■'■  ■'.-■'TE:  |li 


(    n©    ) 

march,  or  fudden  irruption  into  an  ene- 
my's territory  j  by  which  the  charges  of 
the  army  were  much  Icflened,  and  the  fol- 
diers  readier  for  any  enterprise  than  thoCe 
who  rely  on  mills,  bakers  and  oveps ;  for 
they  were  bred  to  depend  on  themfelves 
in  feeding  and  fighting,  and  as  little  on 
others  as  pofTible ;  befides  all  difcovery 
of  their  lituation  was  obfcured  by  having 
no  fires  in  their  camp  to  drefs  vidtual^ 
with. 

Marshal  Turenne  acknowledges, 
**  that  as  the  french  troops  under  hi§ 
**  command  were  accuflomcd  to  have 
•*  bread  found  them,  and  cou*d  not  leavei> 
**it  themfelves  as  the  germane  did,  he 
**  was  not  able  to  follow  and  h^^rafs  the 
**  enemy,"  the  Ruffians  at  this  time 
ferve  their  armies  with  wheaten  meal 
inflcad  of  bre^d. 

The  Romans  that  received  orders  to 
take  22  days  corn  with  thep,  6cc,  6cc. 
it  is  imagined  to  be  a  miilake,  and  the 
burthen  too  much  for  the  foldiers  to 
fupport  together  with  their  arms  and 
neccfTaries :  though  Livy  and  Cicero  both 
mention  their  carrying  a  month's  allow- 
ance 1  Vegetius  alfo  recommends  exer- 

cifing 


'1  ^ 


L.  'y 


1* 


n  cne- 
rges  of 
he  fol- 
[1  thofe 
)s  i  for 
jifelvcs 
ttlc  on 
fcovcry 
having 
vidtual^ 


fledges, 
der  hi^ 
:o  have 
a  leavei> 
did,  he 
Lrafs  tUc 
is  time 
III  meal 


(     "1 


cifing  the  young  recruits,  with  fixty  reman 
pounds  weight,  a  jufl  days  march,  which 
was  twenty  of  their  miles. 


(( 


«( 


**  As  foon  as  the  (lorefhips  arrived, 
the  proconful  fent  the  cohorts  one  after 
'  another  to  the  port  by  the  fhorteft 
foot-path ;  there  they  loaded  themfelves 
•*  with  corn,  and  foon  reftored  plenty." 

In  queen  Anne's  war  two  pence  wa« 
flopped  from  each  man  for  a  ration  or 
two  days  bread,  which  only  coft  the 
government  feven  farthings  !  In  Flanders, 
the  general  (it  was  faid)  took  the  farthing 
to  himfelf ;  in  Spain,  the  duke  of  Argyle 
let  the  captain  have  it ;  but  in  both  cafes 
the  foldier  was  wronged  !  which  fhou'd 
never  be  fuiFcred ! 


,      :  T^i 


4^ "' 


■'  i.  ♦! 


■■'■   -i-  '\-  ''■  «■'    \ 


SUSTENANCE; 


f,'^. 


.^tw&:^i:'d4 


'Si; 


-smMm 


(       112      ) 

(       SUSTENANCE. 

THE  Lacedemonians  fuftained  their 
army  at  great  hazard  and  expence 
in  the  ifland  of  Sphadteria ;  and,  amongft 
other  nourifhments,  lent  them  bottles 
full  of  poppies  tempered  with  honey  and 
pounded  Jinfced  ;  .which  mufl:  have 
been  of  vaft  efficacy,  confidering  the  coft 
and  difficuky  of  traniporting  them. 

While  Protogches  was  painting  the 
celebrated  picture  of  lalyfas,  he  lived 
upon  boiled  lupines  only,  which  fatisHed 
hunger  and  thirit  at  the  fame  time. 

In  Sardinia,  the  Romans  found  a  root 
called  Clara,  of  which  they  made  bread ; 
they  afterwards  difcovered  it  about  Dy- 
racchium,  and  put  it  to  the  fame  ufe. 
May  not  this  be  the  yam  of  the  Weft 
Indies  ? 

In  the  mertiorable  retreat  of  the 
10,000  Greeks,  they  met  with  quantities 
of  beehives  in  fome  of  the  villages  they 
quartered  in,  and  eat  greedily  of  the  ho- 
ney !  Xenophon  will  inform  you  of  the 
ftrangc  eife^s  of  it.  The  flowres,  the 
/  .  bees 


E. 

4  , 

led  their 
expcnce 
amongft 
L .  bottles 
Dney  and 
ft  have 
the  coft 
em. 

ting  the 
be   lived 
fatisfied 
ne. 

id  a  root 
e  bread; 
out  Dy- 
me  ufe. 
le  Weft 


of  the 
uantities 
ges  they 

the  ho- 

i  of  the 

res,  the 

bees 


fT»n        J         vegetables  ?    Confulf   n 
^^^n,  and  particulirlu  ok      ~"'^'t  l^r. 

feed  on  any  roots  they  Su'lfi  7"'  '° 

that  cat  it,  and  killed  ,1       •  '"^'no"'/ 
time !  I  rememhit        ^^"^ '"  »  kittle 

after  •he  meal  T^  T"''-' .""'"^'^"tely 
and  giddine?  '  ^fttrin  '  ^''^^"^^ 

E^'od  fubftitute  for  Lytn  "T  ^T  ^ 
was  very  fcarce  in  iTrr    ^°"°"'  ^^'^J* 

r 


(^ 


LIQUOR. 


■■•      :^« 


•if 


'^y^m 


^-^'I    '-.'i.v'J 


IP/.  .-    '■•''i.-'Sj 


(    tH    ) 


iimm 


■«'  ''^■'i•'fc'• 
»^•^;^'li■ 


[ft:  P;]  ?;»"•■ 
Ijil',''  t  ■*  ,i 


mi 


mm 


LI  Q^U  O  Ri 

PLATO  and  Ariftotle  acquaint  ii^ 
that  the  Carthaginians  prohibited 
drinking  wine  in  their  army  ;  the  foldi-* 
cry  were  only  allowed  water  except  on 
cxtraordjnafy  occalions  ;  when  they  un- 
dertook any  painful  labour  a  little  vine-* 
gar  was  ferved  out  to  them  :  Hannibal 
was  forced  to  cut  ways  through  the  Alps 
ty  inccflant  toil  and  fatigue  of  his  troops^ 
for  which  he  frequently  refreihed  them 
with  vinegar,  which  gave  rife  to  the 
fable  of  fplitting  rocks  with  that  acid  ; 
and  for  the  fame  reafon  it  became  one 
of  the  articles  of  provifion  in  the  roman 
camp;  but  long  before  thefe  time j  the 
Jews  recruited  the  fainting  fpirits  of  la-* 
tourers  in  harveft-feafon  with  vinegar* 
See  the  ftory  of  Boaz  and  Ruth,  in  the 
bible* 

Wii^E  given  to  them  mnch  fatigued 
and  fpent  is  hurtful !  therefore  Hedlor 
lefufes  the  juice  of  the  grape  which  He- 
cuba tendered  to  him  after  a  long  com- 
bat, and  gives  the  above  reafon.  Moft 
of  the  moderns  are  entirely  of  a  contrary 

^»  ,  opinion  i 


(    "5    ) 

Opinion ;  for  if  we  wou*d  ufe  it  in  mode- 
ration, wc  (hou'd  have  no  occafion  for 
any  other  medicine. 

j^mh  de  la  bouche  &  du  ceeur^ 
Aimable  &  Juperbe  Vainjueur  ! 


V',: 


■  t 


-'^!lF 


1 .1 


♦«£/•  •jy*  ^f•»*  nA^  "iV* 


I2 


HOSPITALS; 


,l»    ,, 

,■ 

.  *'•',•,* 

t 
4'- 

:;"•;'•;■;;-- 1|-( 

K,:-''ii 

^j--X^;'    ^jlj^^ 

i 

11 

U  : 


(    n6    ) 


'^*-^'j'j 


iff  i»^  "V  ., 


HOSPITALS. 

LYCURGUS  was  the  firft  among 
thcgrecians  that  introduced  hospi- 
tals for  the  comfort  of  his  fellow  crea- 
tures ;  and  an  army  without  them  will 
perifh  very  foon,  from  the  aftions  in  a 
campaign  and  diflempers  attendant  on 
camps  !  they  are  of  two  kinds,  thofe 
cftablifhed  in  towns,  and  thofe  that  fol- 
low the  troops ;  the  latter  ought  to  have 
many  more  furgeons  than  phyiicians  or 
apothecaries,  as  well  as  anumber  of  wag- 
gons for  conveying  their  implements,  dref- 
iings  and  every  thing  ufeful.  When  the 
carriages  bring  bread  to  camp,  it  is  ufual 
to  fend  back  in  them,  to  the  hofpitals  in 
garrifor ,  fuch  of  the  fick  and  wounded 
as  have  the  worft  cafe§ ;  for  which  reafon 
they  are  ordered  to  alTemble  at  the  pro- 
viiion  park  at  the  time  of  delivery ;  but 
as  the  drivers  too  frequently  treat  them 
ill  on  the  road,  nay  fometimes  abandon 
them  flicking  in  floughs,  it  will  not  be 
amifs  to  fend  careful  people  with  them 
to  prevent  this  barbarous  inhumanity. 


I 


GUIDES. 


I'.  IV 


Wl^  t  •' 


nong 
ofpi- 
crea- 
L  will 

ia  a 
It  on 
thofe 
It  fol- 
)have 
ans  or 
"wag- 
,dref- 
en  the 
s  ufual 
itals  in 
unded 
reafon 
pro- 
but 

them 

andon 
hot  be 
them 

ity. 


^i 


ES, 


(    117    ) 
GUIDES, 

IN  an  army,  are  as  the  eyes  to  the  body ! 
feed  well  and  pay  high  to  thefe  ne- 
ceflary  people  :  there  is  always  a  captain 
of  the  guides  furnifhed  with  a  number 
of  horfes  to  mount  them  when  they  are 
to  lead  cavalry ;  and  you  change  and 
renew  them  as  faft  as  you  penetrate  into 
countries  they  are  ftrangers  to.  After 
they  have  been  examined  y^/»^r^/^^  about 
the  roads  you  intend  to  march  by,  they 
fhou'd  be  guarded  afunder,  but  not  to 
create  fufpicion,  left  they  efcape  and  give 
intelligence.  Each,  column  is  to  have 
one  of  them  at  it's  head,  who  fhou'd  be 
carefully  watched  on  night-marches  for 
the  ^bove  reafon ;  and  if  you  fall  in  with 
the  enemy,  he  fhould  be  tied,*  bccaufe 

I  3  the 

•  We  have  fo  many  examples  of  guides  (fome  event 
fent  by  the  adverfary)  conducing  detachments  in  dark- 
nefs,  leading  them  de^gnedly  into  deilrudtion,  and 
giving  the  flip  at  the  time  of  execution,  that  on&  can- 
not be  to  vigilant  on  fuch  occafions — Appian  relates, 
♦*  The  fenate  having  employed  Cervilius  to  march 
"  ag-iinrt  the  Lufitanians,  Pompedius  (a  general  in  the 
**  enemy's  fervice)  difguifing  himfelf,  comes  and  ofters 
"  his  affiftance  to  the  roman  to  carry  off  a:  large  body 
"  of  the  rebels.  Cervilius  takes  the  bait,  follows  his 
**  falfe  guide  into  an  ambufcade,  where  he  is  nofooner 
<*  arrived,  than  furrounded ;  and  all  his  people  cu( 
*' to  piecej  l*J 

Ik 


I 


"H 


it':'-; 


,  "      ..  i 


(    "8    ) 

the  apprehenfion  of  danger  will  make 
him  try  every  effort  to  get  out  of  it.  The 
captain  ought  to  be  an  officer  of  ability, 
convcrfant  in  many  languages,  and  al- 
ways attendant  on  the  commander  ia 
chief  when  he  rides  out. 


i%VK||il. 


In  1691,  Feuquircs  ;  vaging  Savoy,  furprized  Sa- 
villan,  which  ought  to  have  ftood  a  fiege.  The  Sa- 
voyards  nettled  to  the  quick,  hired  an  able  country- 
fellow  to  go  to  the  french  general  with  particular  intel- 
ligence how  he  might  carry  ofF  the  garrifon  of  Veil- 
lane,  which  relieved  every  fifteen  days  :  The  Marquis 
immediately  formed  the  plan  ;  but,  upon  reiterated 
queftions  to  the  peafant,  fo^nd  him  fo  well  inilru£le4 
in  his  leffon,  that  he  began  to  diftruf^.  Neverthelefs, 
fixing  the  day  of  execution,  he  dn  the  morn  of  it  gavo 

{)rivately  counter  orders,  and  put  it  off  for  fifteen  days 
onger ;  and  going  himfelf  to  reconnoitre  the  motion? 
of  the  enemy,  found  them  in  every  efTeflual  diijpofitio|i 
utterly  to  exterminate  himfelf  and  men. 


lr!t'' 


SPIES. 


'-":  m 


<    "9    ) 

SPIES. 

REFUSE  none,  but  miftrutt  all  f 
for  if  it  be  a  dangerous  profeflion^ 
'tis  equally  hazardous  to  him  that  dei!> 
pends  on  their  intelligence.  This  is  a 
large  field  to  treat  of,  for  you  ought  to 
have  ffom  the  court  to  the  cabbin  ; 
ftatefmenjf  foldjers,  clergy  and  country-* 
men  :  fow  them  in  the  enemy's  camp 
without  their  knowing  each  other ;  and 
when  you  write  to  one  of  them,  fign  il 
with  the  nam^  of  his  relation,  that  in 
cafe  the  letter  be  intercepted,  it  may 
appear  to  come  from  his  own  family, 
who  only  en(|uire  after  him«  desiring  ^ 
little  news. 


'■t    ■       •        .     .'.''kligi, 

"  '.¥m 

I 


Spies  fliou'd  infinuate  themfelves  into 
the  fervice  of  the  commander  in  chief^ 
and  other  officers  of  diflindlion,  who 
are  generally  fond  of  englifh  horfes  and 
grooms ;  But  beware  they  have  not  re-r 
ceived  Joui/e  fees  \  for  this  js  fometimes 
the  cafe  in  armies,  as  well  as  elfewhere  I 
if  you  find  their  reports  agree  with  thofc 
of  the  country  people  coming  to  market, 
execute  your  enterprize  without  further 
(neiitation*     I  fliall  clofe  this  boundlefs 

fubjeft 


v^\ 


% , 


■*'fci 


I    '■  »■.'•  '■   ■■■■  V; 


"•Hill 


lir- 


./ 


I 


.":^-*i; 


■!JS.« 


<;M:  '(fl 


t     120     ) 

fubjedt  by  a  few  obfervations  (viz.)  that 
an  engineer  may  be  employed  in  this 
dangerous  errand,  with  great  fafety  and 
no  dij(credit  (it  being  for  the  public-weal) 
by  attending  an  officer  with  a  flag  of 
truce  asi  his  livery  fervant,  whofe  horfe 
he  may  lead  about  during  the  parley, 
pretending  left  by  hard  riding  he  may 
catch  cold ;  and  in  that  manner  make  all 
the  obfervations  he  can  for  the  fcrvice  of 
his  country.' 

'Tis  not  impolitic,  when  you  appre- 
hend a  traitor  among  your  Spies,  to  ap- 
pear to  believe  him  ;  as  you  may  thro' 
him  deceive  the  adverfary,  by  employing 
hini  in  a  matter  you  have  no  intention 
to  execute,  and  which  he  will  not  fail 
to  communicate  to  your  antagonift» — 
Other  things  to  be  guarded  againft,  are 
thofe  fkulking  about  your  own  camp, 
who  fhould  alfo  be  informed  of  the  di- 
red:  contrary  march  or  enterprize  you 
intend  to  undertake :  thefe  methods  anf- 
wer  better  purpofes  than  hanging  them. 
They  muft  be  all  well  paid,  either  by 
the  lump  or  annual  penlion,  if  their  fer- 
vices  merit  one  or  t'other ;  and  if  it  be 
true  that  the  great  duke  of  Marlborough 
once  gave  £,  io,ooo,  to  a  Spy,  I  wou'd 
;        •'  advife 


(      t2I       ) 

advife  his  fucceflbrs  in  command  and 
council,  "  never  to  lofe  the  hog  for  an 
**  halfpenny  worth  of  tar !" 

Having  run  over  the  neceflaria  pre- 
mifed  to  preparative  war,  I  beg  leave  to 
touch  a  little  en  pajjanty  on  a  few  of  it's 
concomitants.  Viz.  baggage  in  general, 
fauvegardes,  pafleports,  fecret  money, 
contributions  and  prifoners.  Under  the 
firft  head  I  include  the  whole  impedh" 
menta  bellif  the  march  of  which  muft  be 
fo  regulated  as  never  to  interfere||  with 
the  lines,  and  wheel-carriages  reduced 
in  number  as  much  as  pofTible,  becaufc 
they  break  up  the  highways !  Mules  and 
pack-horfes  are  eafier  moved  from  camp 
to  camp,  for  they  can  crofs  moors  and 
places  impradlicable  to  the  former.  The 
hardeft  and  beft  roads  to  be  alTigned  the 
artillery  and  waggons,  as  their  weight 
cuts   deeper  into   the  ground  3    having 

«  this 


'f 


.  '■■  V 


II  Prince  Loiiis  de  B«iden  ordered  that  all  baggage* 
which  went  out  of  the  line  it  ought  to  keep  in,  Ihou'd 
be  immediately  plundered,  not  even  excepting  his 
own  :  and  the  generals,  that  were  dircdled  to  fee  this 
order  obeyed,  put  it  in  execution  fo  putdually  as  not 
to  fpf  i  theirs.  This  was  the  only  method  he  ever 
cou'd  find  to  prevent  his  army's  being  obftruded  on 
it's  march.  Might  not  this  pillaging  create  a  confufi- 
on  ?  And  an  enemy  in  ambufcade  take  advantage  of 
the  difordj^r  i 


Hi 


]■'■  ■ 


■I'jjrui  I'.  I  it'-'  Ji*" 


>\  ■ 
,  ft 


(      "2      ) 

tills  regard  always,  not  to  fend  them  at 
any  time  too  great  a  diflance  from  the 
columns. 

With  refpedl  to  fauvegardes,  none 
but  the  commander  in  chief  can  properly 
grant  any;  and,  *'  whofoever  of  our 
**  forces  employed  in  foreign  parts  fhall 
**  force afauvegarde, (hall fuSer  Death," 
fays  the  17th  article  of  the  14th  fedliou 
of  the  articles  of  war. 

Passeportes  granted  to  individuals 
by  the  powers  at  war,  are  by  agreement 
among  thefe  princes  alfo  facred. 

Secret  fervice  money,  whereby  in- 
telligences are  gained,  {hou'd  never  be 
enquired  into  by  the  government ;  for 
he  is  unfit  to  command  that  wou'd  abufe 
this  confidence. 

By  the  cuflom  of  war,  you  may  oblige 
the  conquered  countries  to  furnifh  la- 
bourers for  working  parties,  when  you 
have  either  lines,  redoubts,  roads  to  make 
or  repair  :  you  mufl  put  them  under  the 
diredlion  of  flri(fl:  officers,  or  they  won't 
work  in  danger.  I  only  mention  this, 
gs  I  faw  it  once  attempted  to  be  put  in 

pradice 


i: 


them  2l% 
roni  the 


:s,  none 

properly 

of  our 

irts  fhall 

'EATH," 

I  fedtiou 


iividuals 
jreemen^ 

reby  in- 

never  be 

ent;  for 

'd  abufe 


ay  oblige 
rnifli  la- 
hen  you 
I  to  make 
nder  the 
ey  wpn't 
ion  this, 
)e  put  in 
pradtice 


(    J23    ) 

EraAice  at  the  ficgc  of  Palais ;  but  th^ 
oors  were  ftubborn,  and  wou  d  not  ftrikq 
s^  flroke, 

PosTHUMius,  being  ftrengthene4  by 
the  alliance  of  Hiero,  reduced  one  half 
of  his  Army ;  which  made  the  campaigns 
lefs  expenfive,  but  their  operations  iefs 
adive  ! 

Montesquieu  obferves,  that  it  is 
political  and  oeconomical  for  princes  to 
keep  foreign  mercenaries  in  their  fervice, 
if  their  dominions  be  too  extenlive  for 
their  own  ^  but  with  this  caution,  they 
never  fhou'd  exceed  one  third  of  the  na- 
tional troops  in  the  flate,  camp,  garrifoa 
or  quarters  at  any  time. 

Prisoners  of  war  are  allowed  by  all 
civilized*  nations  a  ration  pf  bread  per 

day 

*  The  ravage,  barbarous  and  mod  torturing  cruel- 
ties (far  exceeding  thofe  excercifed  by  papils  upoi^ 
proteftants  ia  England,  Ireland  and  France)  of  the 
american  rebels  to  the  king  of  England's  liege  fubjefls, 
totally  excludes  thefe  mifcreants  from  any  chriilian 
appellation  whatever  !  \  will  only  mention  one  inftanco 
^mong  many,  which  is  more  infernal  than  tarring  and 
feathering  ?  viz.  dripping  a  man  naked,  putting  hinv 
crofs  legs  oh  a  rail  full  of  fplinters  (cleft  triangularly) 
the  fharpeft  edge  upward,  then  carrying  him  oa 
jhouldert  'till  he  expires  (for  they  won't  let  him  fall 
off*)  huzzaing,  a  tory,  a  tory  !  Monjirum  /  horrendum  i 


-l-<^:;(  -  -Ml 


1 


i.'-<-55«',; 


H,  ■:  if- 

1i 


...'!      * 


(    1^4    5 

day  each,  and  money  on  account  to  the 
Ofiicers  ;  hen  they  are  numerous,  the 
power,  to  *  horn  they  belong,  generally 
appoints  a  perfon  to  he  depended  upon 
among  them  to  pay  the  reft  their  daily 
fuhfiflence,  deduding  the  price  of  the 
bread. 

Officers  are  always  allotted  a  certain 
extent  of  country  for  health  fake  ;  there- 
fore never  fhould  exceed  their  bounds,  as 
it  might  give  a  pretence  for  a  clofer  con- 
finement. None,  out  of  frolick,  fhou'd 
ever  attempt  making  their  efcapc,  as 
their  comrades  that  remain  are  in  confe- 
quence  (hut  up  for  a  while  afterwards  1 
But  here,  I  am  fpeaking  of  the  poli(hed 
potentates  of  Europe,  Alia  and  Africa 
only  ! 

-  An  army  fhou*d  never  incumber  itfelf 
with  prifoners,  *till  the  battle  be  over, 
unlefs  fome  of  high||  rank  be  taken  ;  as 
great  incpnveniencies  obvious  to  every 
body  might  happen  therefrom. 

MILITARY 

II  A  french  Fantaffin  having  made  a  prifoncr  of  con- . 
fequence,  was  much  importuned  by  the  captire  to  let 
him  efcape  for  a  purfe  of  Ducats :  to  wkich  the  foldier 
replied,  •*  Were  you  my  prifor.er,  yotir  ranfom  fliou'd 
•'  coft  you  nothing  ;  but  as  you  are  my  king's  hoftag^, 
**  neither  gold  or  jcv^els  fhail  bride  me  1"  Leiih  pr«- 
ferred  him  to  a  regiment  ior  his  ne^It  laay  of  thinking. 


0  every 
["ARY 

r  of  con- 
ire  to  let 

e  foldier 
)m  Ihou'd 
&  ho flag?, 
LouJ3  pr«- 

thinking* 


(    "5    ) 
MILITARY    ACTIONS, 

THEIR  execution  depends  on  the 
troops,  and  fuccels  on  the  good- 
nel's  more  than  on  the  number  of  men ; 
for  bad  foldiers  confine  the  talents  of  a 
general,  are  as  expenfive  as  the  beft  ;  on 
the  contrary,  genius  in  a  chief,  and  a  con- 
fidence in  the  army  of  themfclves,  com- 
rades and  officers,  reckon  for  thoufands 
and  ten  thoufands  in  the  day  of  battle. — 
Much  fervice,  with  variety  of  good  and 
bad  fortune  in  many  adions  of  war,  will 
create  this  confidence,  and  produce  this 
genius,  which  are  ever  improveable  by 
education. 

At  the  battle  of  Potidea,  Alcybyades 
being  grievoufly  wounded,  Socrates  (who 
lodged  always  in  the  fame  tent  with  him, 
and  fought  by  his  fide  on  that  occafion) 
defended  him  when  he  fell,  prevented 
the  enemy  from  flripping  off  his  arms 
and  getting  pufTefTion  of  his  body !  Eight 
years  afterwards,  at  the  battle  of  Delium, 
Socrates  being  hard  pufhed  in  the  retreatj 
Alcibyades  ftuck  by  him  and  brought 
hirn  off.  In  the  firfl  of  thefe  adtions, 
that  general  ferved  on  foot,  in  the  fecond 

on 


»- 


<«,'• 


^    ^ 


r- 


(     I4fl    ) 

on  horfeback,   and  Laches  higtily  cotil* 
mends  the  philofopher's  valour. 

It  hath  been  remarked  that  the  french 
armies  in  germany  in  1760,  and  the  hit 
war  loft  more  men  by  furprizing  pofts, 
parties,  &c.  than  by  general  engage- 
ments :  indeed  the  good  will  of  the 
people,  that  fervcd  their  countrymen  as 
fpies  and  guides,  contributed  as  much 
to  the  misfortune  of  the  french,  as  the 
vanity  attributed  to  that  nation.  The 
romans  were  fo  vain  of  doing  their  duty, 
that  they  wou'd  not  furvive  the  fhamc  of 
having  negledled  it. 

Military  virtue,  or  the  art  of  com* 
manding,  like  all  other  ufeful  things,  is 
to  be  reduced  to  pradlice  and  exercifed 
continually.  Who  can  admire  a  king, 
that  at  his  age  amulec  himfelf  with  ftu- 
dying  inftead  of  (hewing  what  he  has 
learnt  of  war  ?  Philopicmen  fpeaking  of 
Ptolemy. 

A  COMMANDER  in  chief  ought  not 
to  content  himfelf  with  being  virtuous, 
but  (hou'd  render  thofe  fo  under  his 
command.  The  duty  of  him  that  go- 
vcriis  is  never  to  advance  weak  or  bad 

men. 


;mi,- 


m^ 


(    »i7    ) 

Jllcn,  Of  give  his  confidence  to  fuch  as 
are  likely  to  abiife  it,  and  this  lefToa 
fhou'd  be  got  by  heart. 

They  that  know  the  fccret,  or  the 
fort  and  foible  of  the  enemy,  are  better 
able  to  hurt  him,  th^n  thofe  that  are 
ignorant  of  it. 

Severity  is  not  feared  or  appre- 
hended but  by  fuch  as  do  amifs,  and 
may  be  the  cfFedt  of  goodnefs  and  hu- 
manity. Plato  remarks,  **  that  the  belt 
general  was  of  little  ufe,  if  his  army 
was  undifciplined  and  difobedient,** 
thereby  intimating,  "  that  the  virtue  of 
**  obedience,  as  that  of  commanding, 
«*  was  owing  to  a  good  education," 


ff< 


«< 


% 


''m 


s 


DUTIES 


iit';  ,*r 


t(    I«&    J 


£)UTIES  AND  OBLIGATIONS, 

MAKE  the  common  good  but  once 
a  Jh/kwn»  and  people  will  give 
their  minds  to  it,  vie  w^ith  each  other  in 
iexpence  for  it  as  they  do  now  in  gaming, 
entertainments,  equipage  and  frequent* 
ing  all  public  places.  Read  what  Simo- 
Hides  fays  to  Hieiro  on  the  occafion  ;  and 
how  Philopaemen  turned  the  luxury  of 
the  times  to  the  fervice  of  his  country  I 
What  prize  would  they  deferve  that  pro- 
pofe  the  moft  advantageous  fcheme  for 
Converting  our  vices  to  the  benefit  of  the 
community  ?  What  a  figure  do  fomc 
pations  make  by  a  mifapplication  of  ac- 
tions, which  otherwife  might  be  of  the 
greatefl  utility ! 


't  !l 


IS 


MERIT. 


[ONS, 

lut  once 
ill  give 
other  in 
gaming, 
equent* 
It  Simo- 
)n  ;  and 
ixury  of 
ountry  I 
hat  pro- 
leme  for 
it  of  the 
io  fomc 
n  of  ac- 
e  of  the 


RIT, 


(^29) 

MERIT,  Records,  Rewards. 

IT^VERY  legion  kept  a  regifter  of 
_^  merit,  in  which  the  exploits  of 
individuals  were  recorded  I  After  the 
taking  of  Jerufalem,  Titus  ordered  them 
to  be  read  in  full  AfTembly,  and  with 
praifes,  gifts  or  promotion  rewarded  each 
according  to  defer t-  Had  we  this  encou- 
ragement, what  great  men  wou'd  our 
army  produce  !  but  which  among  us 
without  intereft  (a  paltry  word  indeed) 
can  expedt  to  be  more  than  a  lieutenant 
colonel  after  40  years  fcrvice,  with  pro- 
baibly  the  mortification  of  having  fcen 
many  younger  officers  of  power  and 
credit  fkip  over  our  heads  in  that  period  ? 
'Tic  only  in  war  where  talents  ecli'pfe 
favor,  and  merit  takes  rank  of  interefk  ? 
See  Liguflius  his  fpeech  for  military 
honors,  rewards  and  a  noble  way  of 
thinking. 

Cjesar  placed  a  lieutenant  at  the  head 
of  every  legion,  to  be  an  eyc-witnefs  of 
each  man's  valour  in  order  to  reward  itn 
and  then  began  the  battle.  What  honors 
he  conferred  on  Scaeva  the  centurion  for 
his  gallant  behaviour ! 

K  '      When 


v!i>f 


•  •',*., 


K' 


1^*^53 


*■  • , 


i  i,  »i,', 


'X  ?• 


m:. 


Si 


(    «5<^   ) 

WtfEN  the  Gonful  MancJnus  fetlfedy 
the  enemy  made  themfelves  mafters  of 
his  camp,  and  among  the  booty  found 
Ihe  public  regifters  and  papers  of  merit. 
Is  there  any  trace  of  the  form,  purport 
and  method  of  keeping  thefe  books,  and 
by  whom  ?  Arrian  mentions,  feveral  that 
were  picked  up  after  the  adtion  of  Gun- 
gumela,  containing  orders  and  difpoli* 
tions  for  the  troops  that  day  :  alfo  a  book 
in  which  was  the  order  of  march  and 
battle  againft  the  Alani.  When  M.  Nu- 
midicus  was  accufed  of  extortion,  and 
wou*d  have  produced  his  books  in  hi^ 
juftification,  his  reputation  Was  fo  great, 
that  his  word  was  taken  without  exa- 
mining his  accounts  1  rara  avis  I 

The  prefent  king  of  Portugal  re- 
tvarded  the  count  de  la  Lippe,  for  his 
important  fervices,  in  a  new  but  mofl 
honorable  manner,  by  prefer  ting  him 
with  fix  pieces  of  golden  cannon  and 
carriages  of  fuch  a  weight,  that  a  ftrong 
man  cou*d  not  fuftain  one  of  them  at 
arms  length  horizontally,  without  being 
©ver  poized. 

The  Vth  regiment  of  foot  has  three 
diflferent  orders  for  their  private  men, 

(viz.) 


(    131    ) 

(viz.)  a  gilded  medal  larger  than  a  Jo- 
hannes hanging  on  a  button  at  the  left 
lapel  by  a  ribbon  (as  the  Croix  de  St, 
Loiiis  of  France)  in  the  moft  confpicuous 
part,  with  St.  George  and  the  Dragon 
(the  ancient  badge  of  this  corps)  on  one 
fide,  Qver  which  is  this  Motto, 

^0  fata  'vocant  ! 

On  the  revcrfe,  Vth.  Foot.  Merit. 
Seven  years  good  behaviour  entitles  a 
foldier  to  this  honor,  with  which  he  is 
invefted  at  the  head  of  the  battalion,  by 
the  hands  of  the  commanding  officer. 

The  2d  Medal  is  of  iilver  as  large  as 
a  three  and  four  penny  piece,  and  differs 
only  in  this  rcfpedl  from  the  other.  Re- 
ward of  fourteen  years  military  merit. 

The  3d  is  alfo  of  filver  with  this 
addition.  "  A.  O.  after  twenty  one 
«*  years  good  and  faithful  fervice  as  a 
"  Soldier t  hath  received  from  his  com- 
manding officer  this  honorable  tefti- 
mony  of  his  merit,**  He  alfo  has  an 
oval  43adge  of  the  colour  of  the  facing 
on  his  right  breaft,  embroidered  round 
with  wreaths  of  gold  and  filver,  and  in 
the  centre,  Merit,  in  letters  of  gold. 

K  2  '     The 


cc 


it 


.Mr 

'  -it 


AM 


■-■{^ 


'    •  .1-.  .; 


'    ■■ 


{ 


Mm/:t^^ 


ii 

m 

km 
ywm 


■  ,  t  : 


ll"i^[.;M 


1" 


•'B 


■i 


-^'1 


;. 


i;.s: 


i 


Mr-  1:1  r 


t 


(      134      ) 

The  foldicrs  thus  diftinguifficd  arc! 
fuch  only  as  never  have  in  7,  14  and  21 
years  incurred  the  cenfure  of  acourtmar- 
tial ;  andfhould  any  of  them  by  mifbeha- 
viour  (which  rarely  happens)  forfeit  his 
fretenfions  of  being  longer  enrolled  a- 
mong  the  Men  of  Merit,  the  medal  is  cut 
ofFby  the  drum-major  in  the  fame  public 
manner  it  was  conferred.  Earl  Percy, 
the  prefent  Colonel,  ever  foremoft  iri 
meritorious  deeds,  keeps  up  this  order 
with  all  the  proper  dignity  it  deferves  ; 
and  from  the  good  efFedts  produced  by 
it  in  this  corps,  it  were  to  be  wifhed 
others  wou*d  follow  and  attend  to  fo 
laudable  an  example^ 

The  2d  regiment  'of  foot  had  three 
colours  as  adiftinguifhing  mark  of  honor; 
his  Majefly's  arms  were  in  the  centre  of 
the  firft  ;  the  Queen's  cypher  in  the 
centre  of  the  fecond  1  both  of  which 
were  in  other  refpedts  Unions :  the  third 
was  fea-green  (the  original  facing  of  the 
corps)  2nd  to  the  beft  of  my  recolledlion, 
the  Colonels  arms  or  creft  were  in  the 
centre.  On  otir  marching  over  ifland 
bridge  into  Dublin  duty  in  1750,  this 
laft  mentioned  colour  (I  being  then  third 
cnfign)  was,  by  order  of  general  Fowk«, 

take  a 


■i^^   m 


J 


(    13s    ) 


taken  out  of  my  hands,  furled  and  never 
flew  fince  !  The  men  grumbled  ejfceed-j. 
ingly,  I  felt  myfelf  hurt  at  being  deprive4 
of  an  honor  no  other  corps  then  enjoyed  j 
and  which  this  •  had  carried  fince  it's 
creation  in  1661.  Whenever  the  King  rer 
views  it, as  foon  as  thecoloncl  prefcntsthc 
return,  his  majefty  moft  gracipufly  hands 
it  to  his  royal  confort  (if  there)  it  being 
the  ^eens  own  royal  regiment  of  foot  ^ 
of  which  her  Majefty  is  colonel. 

The  royal  regiment  of  welch  Fuzv-. 
leers  has  a  privilegeous  honor  of  pafling 
in  review  preceded  by  a  Goat*  witji 
gilded  horns,  and  adorned  with  ringlets 
of  flowers  5  and  although  this  may  not 
^Qine  ii  ".mediately  under  the  d^npniina-. 

.  J^  3  ^^^ 


♦  Every  ift  March  being  the  anniverfary  of  their 
tutelar  Saint,  David,  the  officers  give  a  fplendid  enter- 
tainment to  all  their  welch  brethren  ;  and  after  the 
cloth  is  taken  away,  a  bumper  is  filled  round  to  his  royal 
highnefs  the  Prince  of  Wales,  (whofe  hialth  is  always 
d^-imk  to  firft  that;  day),  the  band  playing  the  old  tune 
of,  **  The  noble  race  of  Shenkin"  when  an  handfome 
drum-boy,  elegantly  drefled,  mounted  on  tjie  goat 
richly  caparifoned  for  the  occafion,  is  led  thrice  round 
the  table  in  proccffion  by  the  drum-major.  It  happened 
in  1775  ^'  Bofton,  that  the  animal  gave  fuch  a  fpring 
from  the  floor,  that  he  dropped  his  rider  upon  the  table, 
and  then  bouncing  over  the  heads  of  fome  officers,  he 
ran  to  the  barraqks  with  all  Ijis  trappings,  to  the  «0 
(mall  joy  of  thegarrifon  and  populace. 


m 


1% 


-^M 


Hi 


I' fill;  , 


'i    134    ) 

Ifon  of  a  rfward  £or  Merit,  yet  the  corps 
values  itfelf  much  on  the  ancientnefs  of 
the  cuftom. 

'^^The  3d  regiment  of  foot,  raifed  in 
1665,  known  by  the  ancient  title  of  the 
old  Buffs,  have  the  privilege  of  march- 
ing thro'  London,  with  drums  beating:, 
colours  flying  !  which  the  city  difputcs 
not  only  with  all  other  corps,  but  even 
with  the  King's  guards,  going  on  duty 
to  the  Tower  !  It  happened  in  the  year 
"1746,  that  as  a  detachment  of  marines 
were  beating  along  Cheapfide,  one  of 
the  magiftrates  came  up  to  the  officer, 
requiring  him  to  ceafe  the  drum,  as  no 
foldiers  were  allowed  to  interrupt  the 
civil  repofe.  The  captain  commanding 
(an  intimate  friend  of  mine)  immedi^ 
ately  faid,  fir.  We  are  marines — Oh  ! 
fir,  replied  the  alderman,  I  beg  pardon ; 
I  did  not  know  it  1  pray  continue*your 
ijoute  as  you  plcafe. 

In  I759»  the  french  king-jnftituted  a 
military  order  of  Merit  to  dignify  pro- 
teftant  officers,  who  cou'd  not  be  ad- 
mitted into  the  clafs  of  the  Croix  de  St, 
Louis,  which  is  only  open  to  roman  ca-^ 
tholics,     Puring  my  A  ay  in  Faris  in 

J764, 


"'    ;<«• 

i'',;i*. 


(    135    ) 

1764, 1  knew  an  Englifli  officer  to  whom 
one  of  thcfe  was  offered  for  five  Zjoiiis 
don  !  but  as  he  cou'd  not  (hew  caufe, 
wherein  he  had  been  any  way  ferviceable 
to  that  ftate,  the  bureau  wou'd  not  ifltt^ 
jbe  medal* 


■At 


■  1, 


ki 


'■''M 


■rift 


TRIUMPH- 


M  ■  M 


{     136    ) 


*  Is", . . '.i^'fj 

^'iftill  ■■■■' 


TRIUMPH. 

IT  is  not  in  the  leaft  to  be  wondered 
at,  that  virtue  had  fo  many  partizans 
of  old,  when  we  confider  the  recompen- 
fes  which  followed  the  pradlice,  or  that 
it  is  fo  rare  in  the  prefent  age  from  the 
fnall  encouragement  given  to  the  pur- 
fuit  of  it  !  for  although  virtue  is  faid  to 
have  it's  own  reward,  yet  it  is  natural 
+  li  men  to  wi(h  to  fee  their  merit  taken 
notice  of  by  the  great.  Qvid  was  cer- 
tainly not  in  the  wrong,  when  he  fung 

Non  facile  invenies,  mult  is  in  millibus^ 

'  unum, 
yirtutetn  pretit4m>  qui  put et  ejje  fuum. 

The  virtuous  in  thefe  ancient  days 
were  not  only  honored  with  prefents 
from  the  moft  illuftrious  Princes,  but 
even  the  public  eredted  ftatues  to,  and 
went  fo  far  at  times  as  to  deify  them  ! 
but  I  find  nothing  fp  properly  invented 
in  thefe  diftant  ages  to  infpire  men  with 
the  true  fentiments  of  virtue,  as  the 
triumphs  of  the  romans ;  and  here  I 
intend  to  regale  piy  readers  with  tha|: 
j:eremony» 

Epm^ 


V*  n 
hi  "' 


(    137    ) 

Rome  had  two  methods  to  honor 
conquerors  ;  the  one  called  Triu?nphus, 
the  other  Ovatio,  The  firft  was  decreed 
to  heroes  by  the  fenate,  army  and  people, 
from  whence  originates  the  word,  and 
was  performed  as  follows. 

When  any  great  Captain  had  gain'd 
a  confiderable  advantage  by  fea  or  land, 
or  had  taken  any  city  by  aflault,  he  made 
his  entry  into  Rome  (amidft  the  accla- 
mations of  the  populace)  in  a  triumphant 
car  of  exquilite  magnificence,  cTC  /ned 
with  gilded  laurels,  arrayed  in  royal 
robes  of  purple  embroidered  with  golden- 
ftars,  holding  in  one  hand  a  branch  of  . 
laurel,  in  the  other  an  ivc  y  fceptre. 
Four  pearl  coloured  horfes  drew  his 
carriage,  which  was  preceded  by  trum- 
pets and  clarinets  adorned  with  gar- 
lands :  after  thefe  came  waggons  of  an 
elegant  conftrudlion  laden  with  fpoils, 
which  were  followed  by  cities  and  cita-^ 
dels  wonderfully  carved  in  wood  !  thefe 
rcprefented  the  places  that  had  been  takea 
from  the  enemy.  Then  four  white  bulls 
were  led  in  proceffion  with  the  elephants, 
at  the  head  of  the  captive  kings  and 
generals,  attended  by  the  archers  of 
^ome  clad  in  purple.    Among  thefe  apr 

pearc4 


r 


'I 

it.  i 


n 


...      V 


••    ''1.'  -    'vS^ 


l! 


i^>^i 


.ijr 


r  >  ■  *  'ft. 


•1 

tit' 


C    «38    ) 

peared  a  kind  of  buffoon  drefled  in  roy- 
alty covered  with  precious  ftones  $  his 
bufinefs  was  to  infult  the  prifoaers  and 
«iake  the  mob  laugh  !  the  fenate  next 
advanced  before  the  hero,  and  the  foldicrs 
crowned  with  laurels  followed  the  car. 
In  this  pompofity  they  reached  the  capi- 
tol,  where  the  four  bulls  were  facrificed 
in  the  temple  of  Jupiter  !  and  the  whole 
ended  with  a  fplendid  feaft,  where  the 
triumpher,  his  relations,  friends  and  ^ 
fenate  were  nobly  entertained,  and  pre-? 
fented  with  medals  of  gold  and  filver  ii> 
commemoration  of  the  occafion  !  This 
was  the  higheft  hopor  Ronjc  cou'd  confei* 
on  her  heroes. 

The  Ovatio,  or  ad  manner  of  triumph 
was  to  dignify  thofe  that  had  conquered 
without  bloodflied,  or  defeated  rebels  and 
pirates  ;  Plutarch  defcribes  it  thus. 
"  The  Hero  walked  in  flippers  crowned 
♦*  with  myrtle,  preceded  by  hautbois  and 
*•  flutes.  When  arrived  at  the  capitol,  he 
•*  made  an  ofi^ering  of  a  flieep  (which 
**  in  Latin  is  Ovis,  thence  Ovatio)  to 
*•  Jupiter."  All  this  was  regulated  in 
fuch  a  manner  as  to  dillinguifli  the  two 
ways  of  triumphing  over  the  enemy  (viz.) 
mildnefs  and  force ;  for  the  flute  was  an 
emblem  pf  joy  and  the  myrtle  of  love. 

REFLEXIONS 


(    139    ) 
REFLEXIONS  on  CiESAR. 

THIS  illuflrious  roman  appears  to 
me  much  fupcrior  in  all  things  to 
Alexander ;  for  from  a  private  citizen 
of  the  mofl  powerful  republic  that  ever 
exifled,  he  acquired  an  abfolute  autho- 
rity over  thofe  high  fpirited  conquerors 
of  the  univerfe  !  Can  we  form  an  idea 
of  merit  above  that,  which  knew  how 
to  guide  it's  ambition  to  fuch  a  point, 
and  had  the  neceflary  addrefs  to  fucceed 
in  fuch  a  defign  ?  Alexander  found  the 
road  to  an  empire  much  eafier;  fon  of  a 
fkilful  and  well  experienced  king,  formed 
under  his  father's  eyes,  encouraged  by 
his  example,  heir  to  a  flouri(hing  king- 
dom, at  the  head  of  an  army  inured  to 
the  hardfhips  of  war,  commanded  by 
generals  confummate  in  the  art  military, 
and  moreover  favoured  with  the  moil 
conftant  and  rapid  of  all  fortunes ;  is  it 
furprizing  that  the  conqueft  of  Afia, 
(undertaken  as  rafhly  as  Hannibal's  in- 
vafion  of  Italy)  became  fo  eafy  to  him  ? 

No  man  ever  received  from  nature  an 
aflemblage  of  fo  many  rare  qualities  as 
Cfefar  !  he  cou'd  read,  write,  didtate  and 

give 


*' 


*!* 


m:f^ 


(     H^    ) 

give  audience  at  the  fame  time  !  he  fpoke 
inoft  fluently  fevcn  different  languages, 
bcfides  under/landing  many  others  !  He 
was  fully  endued  with  mofl  of  the  fci- 
cnces,  he  wrote  upon  feveral  fubjedts, 
but  unfortunately  for  us  none  but  his 
commentaries  remain  !  he  fought  fifty 
pitched  battles,  in  which  were  flain  more 
than  119,000  men,  exclufive  of  the  acr 
tions  during  the  civil  war.  He  reformed 
the  calendar,  and  fixed  the  year  at  365 
days  as  it  now  ftands.  At  length  the 
Roman  nobility  being  jealous  of  his 
grandeur,  fixty-two  of  the  principals 
confpired  againft  his  life,  and  a(ra{Enatc4 
him  in  full  fenate  by  giving  him  ^3  ftabs ! 
This  fatal  cataftrophe  had  been  long  be- 
fore predicted  by  Spurina  ;  nay  on  the 
evening  preceding  the  unlucky  day  CaU 
purnia  his  wife  gave  him  a  pre-fentiment 
pf  his  death  !  but  Caefar  was  pofitive  ^n4 
loft  hi3  life! 


k^' 


POMPEY. 


(     HI     ) 

P    O    M    P    E    Y. 

FORTUNE  is  never  more  to  be 
feared  than  while  (lie  is  prodigal 
of  her  favors  ;  there  is  often  nothing  but 
a  flippery  ftep  from  the  h eighth  of  pro- 
fperity  to  the  bottom  of  difgracious  ad- 
verfity  !  Such  are  the  amufements  of  this 
blind  goddefs,  more  worthy  of  our  con- 
tempt by  her  capricioufnefs,  than  of  our 
acknowledgement  by  her  kindnefs  !  The 
grand  Pompey  alone  is  fully  fufficient  to 
demonftrate  this  truth :  Of  high  birth 
and  family,  from  his  perfonal  qualities, 
adlions  and  employments,  he  faw  nothing 
that  cou'd  equal  him  !  But  how  did  he 
iinifh  his  brilliant  career  ?  Fortune,  the 
moft  determined  coquette  that  ever  exift- 
cd,  forfook  him  ontheplains  of  Pharftlia, 
to  run  after  Caefar ;  (lie  purchafed  the 
good  graces  of  this  new  lover  with  the 
blood  of  1 5,000  of  her  old  favourite's! 
foldiers,  and  24,000  of  his  prifoners ! 
Pompey,  reduced  to  fly,  difguifed  like 
a  peafant,  rode  out  of  the  decumen  or 
rear  gate  of  his  camp  with  his  wife  and 
one  fon,  and  gained  the  coaft  of  Egypt, 
from  whence  he  implored  the  protedion 
oi:  Ptolemy  the  king  :  but  this  unnatural 

monarch. 


V^ 


!'?i-->     'I  ■ 


■■'**»  1 


(    H^    ) 

monarch,  after  promilin'T;  it  In  general 
and  equivoc'il  terms,  coaxed  him  on 
fhore,  and  forthwith  inhumanely  had 
him  murdered  in  fjght  of  his  diftrelTed 
family  and  friends  !  This  barbarous 
prince  carried  his  cruelty  ftill  farther,  in 
hopes  of  obtaining  Caefar's  favor,  for  he 
fent  him  the  head  of  his  competitor  ! 
who,  inftead  of  tellifying  any  joy  at 
being  v^elivered  from  fo  dangerous  a  rival, 
was  forced  to  (hed  tears  at  the  tragical 
death  of  his  illuftrious  enemy  !  We  may 
add  to  this  example  of  the  inconftancy 
of  human  aifairs,  that  of  the  emperor 
Valerian  prif  •  aer  of  Sapor  king  of  Periia  j 
and  of  Bajazet,  taken  and  fhut  up  in  an 
iron  cage  by  Tamerlane ;  and  both  of 
them  (as  hiftory  informs)  were  compelled 
to  ferve  their  conquerors  as  running 
footmen,  whenever  their  mafters  rode 
out. 

Fortuna,  cito  repojctt  quod  dedit  t 


^'^fe 


\l. 


HEROISM. 


(.   H3    ) 
HEROISM. 


■'  "I 

"i  ' 

•    ) 

■  A- 


ID  O  N*T  recoil  c'ft  to  have  read  or 
heard  of  a  nobler  kind  than  that  ex-' 
hibited  by  the  carl  of  Peterborough  at 
the  liege  of  Barcelona  in  1705  ;  and  al- 
though Voltaire  ungenerouily  fliles  it 
temerity  and  ^itxotifm,  yet  I  take  upon 
me  to  rate  it  before  the  piety  of  if^neas, 
the  courage  of  Alexander,  the  humility 
of  Theodofius,  or  the  contincncy  of 
Scipio, 

**  This  nobleman  was  commander  of 
the  Englifh,,  as  the  prince  of  D'arm- 
ftadt  was  of  the  Germans,  both  in 
alliance  :  his  lordfhip  propofes  to  force 
the  retrenchments  that  covered  the  fort 
and  city  ^  they  are  taken  fword  in 
"  hand  !  and  a  IhcU  buriJng  blows  up 
"  the  fort !  the  city  capitulates."  While 
the  governor  was  treating  with  Peterbo- 
rough at  the  gate,  there  arofe  fuch 
fhricks  and  cries  within  that  the  Spaniard 
hallily  faid,  "  You  betray  us  while  wc 
"  capitulate  with  integrity  !  foi  your 
**  troops  are  robbing,  murdering  and  vio- 
**  lating  !"  you  miftake,  replies  the  con- 
quering hero,  they  are  not  my  men,  but 

the 


C( 


<< 


C( 


<( 


(< 


'■m\ 
M 

m 


%^^^m 


(     Hi    ) 

the  Germans  :  there  is  only  one  way  to 
favc  this  city ;  let  me  in  with  my  Eng^ 
lifhmen,  I  will  reflore  tranquillity,  and 
afterwards  return  to  this  gate  to  finifh 
the  capitulation.  He  fpoke  this  with 
fuch  a  noblenefs  of  foul  and  air  of  truth, 
that  the  gates  were  opened,  and  his  troops 
fuffered  to  Follow  him.  He  flew  every 
where  with  his  officers ;  found  the  Ger- 
mans and  Catalonians  ranfacking  the 
houfes  of  tile  principal  inhabitants  !  dif- 
perfes  them,  and  reflorcs  the  plunder 
they  had  taken  :  meets  the  duchefs  of 
Popoli  in  the  hands  of  thefe  Germans 
who  were  going  to  difhonor  her !  and 
delivers  her  fafe  to  her  huiband.  Thus 
having  appeafed  the  tumult,  he  returnfi 
with  his  men  to  the  outfide  of  the'  city 
gate,  renews  and  figns  the  capitulation ! 
The  Spaniards  were  aftonifhed  and  con- 
founded to  find  fuch  magnanimity  in 
Englidimeij  whom  their  priefts  called 
heretics,  and  had  taught  them  to  believe 
were  a  fet  of  hardened  barbarians.  There's 
a  fine  pidture  at  full  length  of  this  hero 
at  fir  John  Mordaunt's  near  Southamp- 
ton, which  is  as  well  worth  admiring  as 
any  Pieman  flatue. 


Marcus 


■iif 


■    (■ 


(    145    ) 

Marcus  Curius  being  one  day  at 
home,  wafhi ng  fomc  roots  to  boil  for 
his  dinner,  received  ambafladors  from 
the  Samnites,  who  came  to  offer  him  aa 
immcnfe  fum  for  his  yote  and  intereft  ia 
the  fcnate,  in  favor  of  a  petition  they 
were  about  prefenting :  but  this  noble 
Roman,  with  all  the  coolnefs  imaginable, 
replied,  "  Gentlemen,  you  muft  endea- 
vour to  bribe  fome  one  that  does  not 
think  himfelf  happy  with  this  kind 
of  food;  for  I  dcfire  no  greater  riches 
than  the  power  of  commanding  a  na- 
tion pofleiTed  of  fo  much  wealth." 
This  is  being  a  true-born  hero,  when 
a  man  knows  how  to  draw  as  much 
glory  from  a  few  legumes,  as  laurels  by 
his  grand  exploits,  and  famous  vidtories : 
for  he  was  not  lefs  illuftrious  in  his 
kitchen  chimney  corner,  than  redoubt- 
able to  the  enemies  of  Rome  at  the  head 
of  her  armies.  Let  a  great  man  have  the 
fortune  of  Ciefar,  or  the  riches  of  Crce- 
fus ,  yet  if  he  negleds  to  cultivate  and 
honor  wifdom,  he  is  not  only  an  enemy 
to  himfelf,  but  defpicabJe  in  the  eyes 
of  thofe  that  have  any  difcernment, 

Charles  the  5th  may  be  ranked  in 
the  front   of  this   clafs. — His    power, 

L  bravery. 


>t.  '■ 


(     h6    ) 

bravery,  capacity  a^d  fortune  were  a1! 
in  the  fuperlative  degree  :  zp^\  tertainiy 
this  monarch  had  as  true/*  peribnal  me- 
fit  as  knowledge  in  the  art  of  command- 
ing. On  this  account,  the  mufes  of  his 
time  facrificed  to  him  all  the  incenfe  of 
Parnaflus. — Heaven  itfelf  feemed  inte- 
reftcd  in  the  grandeur  of  thiv  prince,  in 
beftowing  on  him  the  moft  conftant  good 
fortune  that  ever  man  had  ! 

Major  ab  AUguJli  non  vixit  tempore  Cofar^ 
Cut  tarn  conjianter  fors  magts  ceque  fuit  ! 

Among  them  any  great  adlions  in  this 
emperor's  life,  there  is  none  more  worthy 
of  admiration,  than  his  double  abdication 
of  the  empire  and  kingdom  of  Spain  f — • 
For  it  reqrires  as  mach  noblenefs  of 
foul,  to  take  leave  of  fortune,  as  merit 
lo  find  her,  or  wifdom  to  keep  her  !  it 
is  plain  from  the  condud  of  this  hero, 
that  he  was  thoroughly  intimate  with  the 
falle  bniliancy  of  courts,  and  pomp  of 
the  woiid!  and  that  he  knew  thefe  vani- 
ties were  unworthy  the  attachment  of  a 
man  of  his  underflanding  •  therefore  he 
preferred  (on  mature  deliberation)  the 
retreat  of  St.  Juft  in  Spain  to  the  impe- 
rial palace ! 

Christina,  the  young,  beautiful 
queen  of  Sweden  religned  her  crown  at 

the 


fhe  af 
prayer 
comm( 
ment  -, 
with  n 
of  thai 

Alie) 
of  maJ 
riting  j 
at  time 
a  fea  c 
noring 
nefs  wl 
remedli( 
now  h 
neceffit 
could  n 

defende 
or  died 
Deity, 
death,  \ 
were  r 
broughi 
give  up 
to  mend 
always  j 
the  tim 

*  Ther< 
By  valoi 
Wpve  fa 
And  !jai 


cereal! 
ertainijr 
[lal  me- 
nmand- 
js  of  his 
:enfe  of 
d  inte- 
ince,  in 
int  good 

e  C^fany 
ue  fuit  ! 

IS  in  this 
I  worthy 
)dication 
Ipain  f — ■ 
enefs   of 
as  merit 
her  !  it 
[lis  hero, 
with  the 
pomp  of 
efe  vani- 
lent  of  a 
•efore  he 
ion)  the 
le  impe- 

jcautiful 
rown  at 
the 


(     1+7    ) 

^  fhe  ag«  of  26,  contrary  to  the  viflies, 
prayers,  eritrcaties  of  hei  lioWxity  and 
common rlity,  to  ipend  her  life  in  relire- 
ment;  I  therefore  clofe  this  fubjed:; 
with  referring  my  readers  to  the  hiflory 
of  that  heroine  by  Vertot. 

AUeni  appetensy  that  infatiabh  defirfe 
of  making  money,  and  that  mean  difpi- 
riting  pafllon,  love  of  pleafiire,  render  us 
at  times  incapable  of  conducing  either 
a  fea  or  land  war !  feekiftg  out  and  ho- 
noring ability,  courting  public*  fpirited- 
nefs  wherever  it  is  found,  are  the  only 
remedies ;  and  I  hope  this  is  the  time, 
now  America  gives  the  opening  -,  for 
neceffity  will  iftake  us  do  what  reafon 
could  not. 

lU  days  of  yore,  he  who  had  bravely 
defended  his  city,  enlarged  it's  dominions, 
or  died  in  it's  caufe,  was  revered  as  a 
Deity.  Love  of  liberty,  contempt  of 
death,  honor,  probity  and  temperance 
were  realities,  and  may  probably  bt 
brought  into  fafliion  again  :  we  fhou'd 
give  up  our  enjoyments,  and  think  how 
to  mend  our  condition.  Fears  from  abroad 
always  produce  regulations  at  home  for" 
the  time.  L  2  EMULA^ 

*  There  have  beeil  heroes,  who,  by  virtuous  care. 
By  valour,  difcipline  and  (kill  in  war, 
Hwe  f:7rccd  the  powers  to  fave  a  finkinig  l>ate, 
And  fjained  at  length  the  glorious  odds  of  tate  1 


I . 


-4 


*  'i     -iM-f 


(    148    ) 
EMULATION, 

UNDOUBTEDLY  contributes  to 
the  perfedtion  of  ^very  art  and 
fcience,  and  is  not  of  greater  ufe  in  any 
than  in  that  of  war.  All  our  adtions 
ihou*d  be  direded  as  much  as  poflible  to 
the  benefit  of  the  public  ;  our  relaxa- 
tions and  pleafures  (at  lead;  all  that  any 
way  tended  to  the  prejudice  of  it)  fhou'd 
be  forbid,  and  tranfgreffion  that  way 
inexorably  correded.  What  a  deal  of 
punifhments  wou'd  this  exhibit  within 
the  bills  of  mortality  !  the  Olympic, 
Pythian  and  Ifthmian  games,  thofe  that 
ilrove  at  them,  what  pains  did  they  take 
to  prepare  for  the  glorious  ftrifc ;  for 
the  prizes  otherwife  were  of  trifling  value. 
Emulation,  not  only  between  man  and 
man,  but  between  company  and  company 
in  battle,  bore  down  every  oppofition. 

It  is  remarkable  that  the  Romans 
perfeded  their  military  fkill  and  extended 
their  empire  with  troops  only  raifed  oc- 
cafionally ;  and  yet  in  the  fpace  of  400 
years,  while  the  patricians  were  in  pof- 
feffion  of  the  magiftracy  and  dignity  of 
ftate  they  had  not  added  four  miles  to 

their 


'I; 


(  149  ) 

their  dominions  on  any  fide  :  but  in  200 
years  after,  when  the  Plebeians  became 
eb'gible  to  thefe  employments,  they  were 
mafters  of  the  world  !  a  convincing 
proof  of  what  public  utility  emulation  is, 
when  encouraged  and  rewarded.  Read 
the  generous  ftrife  between  Pulfio  and 
Varenu$  in  Caefar. 


1!' 


^^4i^ 


U'. 


L  ^        GEOMETRY, 


(    150    ) 


Ki^!ei^^ 


>  1> 


'.  ''l^^l 


/%',-l^  <* 

*'#«..    "^l- 


G  EOMET  R  Y, 

IS  the  true  knowledge  of  the  tiniQ 
and  fpace  rcquifite  in  motions  and 
evolutions,  marches,  campings,  intrench- 
ing, fortifying  pofts  and  places ;  ths 
meafuring  acceffible  diilances  of  length, 
breadth,  or  height  of  land,  water  or 
buildings  :  for  if  thefe  are  barely  vifible, 
they  are  obtainable  by  geometry,  in  fo 
much,  that  whoever  is  ignorant  of  the 
particular  requifites  for  thefe  purpofcs, 
will  be  defei^tive  in  the  purpofcs  them' 
felves  ! 


x 


Practical  geometry  aids  greatly  in 
judging  of  the  CoCirfes  of  rivers,  roads 
and  mountains,  as  well  as  of  the  inteU 
ligences  of  country  people,  guides  and 
fpies,  with  relation  to  thefe— 

The  ufefulnefs  of  that  part  of  ma- 
thematics which  comprehends  arithmetic 
and  pradical  geometry,  effedually  exer- 
cifes  not  vainly  deludes,  or  vexatioufly 
torments  ftudions  minds  with  obfcure 
fubtleties  ;  but  plainly  demonfirates 
|;hings  within  their  reach  -,  draws  certain 

conclufions. 


1 1 '.  1 


m% 


(    »5»    ) 

conclufiions,  and  inftru<fts  by  profitable 
rules  5  delivers  us  \yholly  frocn  a  credu- 
lous fimplicity  j  fortifies  us  againfl  the 
vanity  of  fccptifm ;  reflrains  us  from  rafh 
prefumption,  and  perfedtly  fubjcdts  us  tq 
the  government  pf  right  rcafon.-r^ 


,  i. . 
'1 


A         *         X 


mmtmmf 


SIEGES.    ' 


m 


'3.|i 


(     tJ2     ) 


MM. 

^  -  f ■  ,  if.  . 

if  .•■|  •.   'Vv'". 


I? 


r^.a 


'I  ',1 


■•.i  '''^ 


II 


SIEGES. 

THAT  of  Athens  by  Sylla  is  the 
fineft  antiquity  hath  left  us  any 
memory  of,  except  the  fiege  of  Alexia 
by  Caefar.  What  rank  does  that  of  Je- 
rufalem  hold  by  Titus  f 

The  fiege  of  Candia  in  modern  times 
was  far  more  wonderful  and  bloody  than 
that  of  Troy  !  the  Turks  inverted  it  in 
1645  j  and  it*s  Venetian  garrifon,  after 
bravely  defending  itfcif  till  1669,  made 
an  honorable  capitulation  :  the  befiegers 
lofl  180,000  men ;  the  befieged  80,000  ! 

General  Carleton*s  defence  of 
Qnebec  (befieged  by  two  armies  of 
American  rebels,  pofl'efTed  of  the  whole 
province  of  Canada  without,  and  amply 
provided  with  all  munitions  of  war)  when 
duly  confidered,  is  as  great  a  coup  de 
waitre  as  any  extant  in  ancient  or  modern 
hiftory.  Having  only  a  few  merchants, 
inhabitants  fomc  of  vi^hom  were  difaf- 
feded,  an  handful  of  brave  failors  from 
the  tranfports,  with  a  lefs  number  of  the 
royal  emigrants,  his  excellency  (contrary 
to  all  probability  of  fuccefs)  determined 

to 


(    153    ) 

to  defend  the  place  to  the  lad  :  and  aU 
though  it  was  vigoroufly  aflaulted  on  all 
fides  at  break  of  day  the  i  ft  of  January, 
1776,  yet,  with  a  refolution  and  forti-* 
tude  unparalleled,  the  afTiilants  were 
repulfed  with  great  lofs,  Montgomery 
their  leader  flain,  and  Arnold  (fecond  in 
command)  wouaded.  However  the  fiegc 
and  blockade  were  continued  through  a 
very  fevere  winter,  the  little  garrifon 
prcfTed  with  hunger,  cold,  fatigues,  and 
every  diftrefs  attendant  on  fuch  dcfperatc 
undertakings  'till  about  the  6th  of  May, 
when  part  of  the  29th  regiment  landed 
from  England.  The  general  having  re- 
frefhed  about  2co  of  them  (like  Cicfar, 
who  thought  it  better  to  fall  on  the 
enemy  at  Arminium  with  a  few,  thaa 
wait  a  reinforcement  of  troops)  fallied 
out  at  their  head,  drove  the  rebels  en- 
tirely from  their  works,  who  were  fo 
affrighted,  that  they  not  only  left  all 
their  cannon  and  ftores  behind,  but  even 
their  dinners  !  and  fled  to  Mc  jtreal  nigh 
60  leagues ;  from  whence  they  were  foon 
diflodged  and  driven  out  of  the  province  ! 
An  otflccr  of  penetration  will  quickly 
difcern  what  anxieties  of  mind,  appre- 
henlions  of  diftrull  muft  have  continually 
agitated  the  governor's  breaft,  from  fuch 

a  mixed 


1'. 


^ 

-f^^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


11.25 


I^|2j8     |2^ 

|io  ■^"     H^H 

m  1^  12.2 

lis 

lU 


I; 
i 


L£    12.0 


1.8 


U    ill  1.6 


III 


^ 


y] 


^'j>- 

■^ 


HiotDgraphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


Sfj 


f*'. 
^M^'' 


(     »54    ) 

a  mixed  garrifon,  ftraogers  lo  one  ano- 
ther, and  without  any  confidence  in  them- 
felves  or  neighbours !  but  will  rate  his 
talent  of  uniting  this  motky  body,  keep- 
ing them  Co  long  unanimodfly  together  to 
perfevere  in  and  pcrfift  through  dangers, 
Icarcity  and  hardfhip  (which  was  not 
their  bulinefs  to  encounter)  among  the 
iirfl  qualifications  of  a  great  captain. 

In  juftice  to  the  governor's  whole 
condu<3:  during  this  mofl  unparalleled 
defence,  the  world  muft  acknowledge, 
that  had  Quebec  been  taken,  the  fmall 
garrifon  then  in  Boflon  cou'd  never  have 
extricated  itfelf,  as  all  Canada  would 
have  joined  in  thje  rebellion,  and  poured 
her  thoufands  into  New  England  towards 
the  finifhing  flroke  I  the  confequence  of 
which  cou'd  have  been  no  lefs  than  the 
total  lofs  of  America  I  Great  Britain 
ftands  therefore  indebted  to  Carleton 
alone  for  the  pofTeflions  fhe  at  prefent 
retains  in  this  vaft  continent, 


V..' 


INVASION. 


-.'♦'-it'  "-"-^ 


(     155    ) 


I  N  V  A  S  I  O  N, 

PERICLES  endeavouring  to  perfuade 
the  allies  to  carry  the  war  into 
Lacedemon,  compares  the  forces  of 
Sparta  to  rivers,  which  increafe  in  flrength 
and  grealnefs  in  their  courfe,  but  at  their 
fource  are  weak  and  fin  all.  < 


'  H''    'I 


;. 


Hannibal  was  conftant  in  his  opi- 
nion, that  the  Romans  were  to  be  van- 
quifhed  only  by  attacking  them  at  home ; 
and  long  after  in  all  councils,  to  which 
he  was  called  by  Antiochus,  perfifted  in 
the  fame  fentiment ;  and  yet  his  advice 
was  not  followed  ;  notwithflanding  it 
was  much  eafier  for  Antiochus  to  carry 
the  war  into  Italy  and  fupport  it,  than 
for  Hannibal  when  he  executed  that  de-* 
fign,  the  moft  daring,  difficult  and  ha- 
s^ardous  perhaps,  that  ever  was  attempted, 
to  pafs  through  an  enemy's  country,  and 
then  the  Alps  to  invade  a  people,  amongll 
whom  be  had  no  place  of  arms,  maga- 
zines, fuccours,  aflurances  of  friendfhiji, 
or  hopes  of  remedy  or  retreat !  the  Ro- 
mans all  fre{h  and  prepared  for  the  war, 
but  by  his  diligence  were  difappointed  in 
the  theatre  of  it. 

Whil^ 


,1 


4 ' 


■  ■i-:^- 


■  I, « 


T    'Li-: 

1;  "<!-l^ 


Iw 


^1 


(     IS<5    ) 

While  Hannibal  was  yet  in  Italy, 
Scipio  carried  the  war  into  Africa,  an 
entcrprize  neither  fo  dangerous  or  diffi- 
cult by  a  good  deal  as  Hannibars.  How*- 
cvcr  what  followed  thereon  ferves  to  con- 
firm the  maxim,  **  that  armies  are  more 
**  cafily  conquered  in  their  own  than 
**  another  country." 

The  year  of  Rome  552,  P.  S.  Galba 
haranguing  to  perfuade  the  people  to  agree 
to  and  decree  war  with  Philip  of  Mace- 
don,  faid,  **  We  know  by  experience 
**  our  forces  are  more  powerful  and  for-^ 
♦*  tunatc  in  foreign  ftatcs  than  in  Italy  y* 
and  Marius  obferves,  *'  the  Romans 
**  who  were  the  moft  valiant  people  in 
"  the  world,  when  out  of  their  own 
•*  country,  were  perhaps  the  moft  timid 
♦*  and  apprehenfive  at  home  V* 

Scipio,  in  his  difpute  with  Fabius  on 
the  occafion,  inftances  that  incredible 
one  of  Agathocles,  or  Livy  does  it  for 
him  :  but  marvellous  as  it  may  feem,  it 
probably  put  Scipio  on  ihe  enterprize. 


.     rl^ 


TACTIQUE, 


(  ^^  ) 

T  A  C  T  I  Q^U  E, 

IS  the  method  of  performing  the  fc- 
veral  military  motions  and  evolutions, 
as  well  as  difpoiing  of  troops  to  the  bert: 
advantage  in  order  of  battle,  with  regard 
to  the  ground  and  pofture  of  the  enemy. 
In  a  limited  fenfe,  Tacitus  means  exer- 
cife ;  but  in  a  larger,  it  comprehends 
the  whole  military  fyftem ;  as  the  Cy- 
ropoedia  of  Xenophon,  and  the  tadtiques 
of  the  emperor  Leo. 

The  Greek  churches  have  books  con- 
taining orders  and  regulations  for  divine 
fervice  which  they  call  tadiques  5  but  in 
refpcdt  to  military  tadiques,  and  how 
neceffary  that  a  commander  (hould  be 
well  grounded  in  them,  and  know  when 
and  where  to  mi '-.  proper  ufe  of  them, 
read  the  life  of  Philopcemon  in  Plutarch« 

We  have  a  tranflation  of  the  Cyro- 
poedia  by  the  honorable  Mr.  Maurice 
Aftiley;  and  of  the  tadtiques  of  Leo  in 
Italian  by  Pigafetta,  both  very  well  done, 
but  the  books  are  fcarce.  ^lian  and 
Arrian  have  wrote  more  confinedly  on 
tadtiques :  major  Bingham  has  tranllated 

tlic 


•   '  1  , 


■'1- 


'1 


i 
''f 


Mm\ 


!t  .^ 


Ni 


■  (     158     ) 

the  former ;  as  hath  alio  a  French  gen- 
tleman whofe  name  I  forget,  which  is 
much  valued  for  the  cuts  and  figures  : 
but  Arrian  was  a  general,  and  is  done 
into  French  by  monfieur  Guifchard,  a 
very  good  officer  in  the  Pruflian  fervice* 

•  Knowledge  in  ground,  and  the  ad* 
vantages  to  be  made  of  it  to  accommo- 
date onefelf,  to  diftrefs  and  difconcert 
an  encmy^  is  one  of  the  principal  abilities 
of  a  general ;  and  a  fuperiority  this  way 
is  of  more  confequence  than  in  a  number 
of  troops.  Sertorius,  in  order  to  defend 
Spain,  and  prevent  the  forces  arriving 
that  might  be  fent  againfl  him  from  Italy, 
fecured  thepaffes  in  thelquani:  Afranius, 
(who  was  one  of  Pompey's  lieutenants  in 
that  war)  muft  have  known  of  what  im- 
portance they  were ;  yet  afterwards  when 
he  was  appointed  to  protedt  that  country 
againft  Caefar,  he  negleded  to  take  pof- 
fcflion  of  thofe  very  pafTes,  which  was  a 
blunder  inexcufable  in  him ! 

In  1652  'i.'urenne,  with  an  handful 
of  men  itopped  the  Prince  of  Conde 
and  his  vid:orious  army,  by  the  excellence 
of  a  pofl  he  had  feized  of  a  fudden. 

Datames 


I'. 


(     1^9    ) 

Datatnes  the  Perfian  was  renowned  for 
his  knowledge  and  (kill  in  ground. 

Tnfi  Ruflians  are  remarkable  for  au 
attention  to  their  officers  fuperior  to  that 
of  an  Highland  clan  ;  their  artillery  is 
allowed  by  all  Europe  to  be  in  complcat 
order,  an  *  fo  numerous  withal,  that 
marfhal  Saxe's  words  may  perhaps  be 
verified  one  of  thefe  days,  namely,  •*  that 
"  all  battles  will  in  time  be  determined 
**  by  heavy  cannon."  In  the  department 
of  their  ordr^ance  (as  a  reafon  why  they 
fo  excel)  they  encourage  all  foreigners-, 
and  reward  them  according  to  their  me- 
rit :  many  of  their  engineers  are  French, 
Italian,  Auftrian,  fome  Irifh  and  Scotch. 
The  king  of  Pruflia  felt  the  weight  of 
this  argument  at  Francfort  on  the  Oder 
from  count  SoltikofF,  having  but  too 
much  flighted  artillery  to  fhine  in  the 
tadliquc  or  manoeuvres  of  fmall  arms. 

And  now  that  I  have  mentioned  that 
heroic  Monarch,  give  me  leave  here  to 
infert  an  anecdote  to  fhew  how  wonder- 
fully, and  by  what  unforefcen  means  pro- 
vidence pleales  to  bring  about  great 
events  !  His  prefent  Pruflian  majeily 
(every  one  knows)  was  a  (late  priibner 

at 


na| 

, 


m  % 


mlhm 

If 


(     i6o    ) 

at  the  caftle  of  Clullrin  ;  from  the  win- 
dows of  that  lofty  building,  the  whole 
adjacent  country  is  vifible ;  but  as  the 
ienfe  of/  his  crime  abated »  he  was  in- 
dulged with  the  liberty  of  riding  about 
in  the  day,  and  r  urning  at  night :  by 
being  confined  to  this  fmall  circuit,  no 
doubt,  he  was  a  better  mailer  of  the 
pafTes,  defiles  and  other  circumflances 
attending  this  particular  diflridt.  It  fo 
happened  many  years  after,  or  fuch  was 
the  will  of  heaven,  that  the  place  of  his 
misfortune  and  forrow  fhou'd  be  the  fpot 
of  his  glory  !  for  no  battle  was  ever 
more  gallantly  fought,  or  more  lignally 
obtained. 

It  is  moft  likely,  as  this  country  is 
rather  fwampy  and  unpleaiant,  the  king 
might  never  have  feen  it  but  kn  pajjmt 
to  other  cities  and  places :  it  is  well 
known  he  gained  the  vidory  by  under- 
{landing  the  terrein  better  than  his  ad- 
verfary ;  the  fburce  often  of  more  con- 
quefls  than  artillery  ever  fo  well  pointed, 
or  mufketry  ever  fo  nimbly  manoeuvred. 


CADENCE 


i 


(    ^6t    ) 


■•ll 


CADENCE,    OR   TACT. 

COUNT  Saxe  recommends  the 
tadfj  or  marching  }n  cadence. 
Wou*d  any  method  of  footing  taught 
for  dancing  of  minuets,  contr^dances, 
&c.  be  of  ule  to  foldiers,  or  the  fi- 
gures in  books  of  inftrudtions  compofed 
by  dancing  mafters  ?  jBallaft  is  hove 
aboard  of  (hip  by  a  tune ;  the  negroes  on 
the  coa^  of  Senegal  and  Gambia  till 
their  ground  finging,  dancing  and  >vork- 
ing  in  cadence;  the  mafons  at  Ifpahan, 
while  employed  in  their  calling,  demand 
brick,  mortar  or  v/hatever  they  want, 
finging  ;  Plutarch  not  only  mentions 
the  inftrument  of  mufic  by  which  the 
voice  was  regulated;  but  alfo  the  Am- 
brones  *  marching  in  cadence  :  and 
Cicero,  in  one  of  his  letters  to  Atticus, 
propofes  military  thefes  on  this  fubjed. 

*  People  of  France  who  lired  upon  pillage ! 


'.  1 


rt  "«'  ■  <i 


'tl 


l^H 

w 

.     ■ 

■^ 

J^B^^^^^^^^H 

^^'h^ 
^ 

* 

V  'i' 

M 

MUSIC. 

"  '  KB 

? 

-'jb. 

1 

(     i62     ) 


MUSIC. 

THE  cfFc<ft  of  it  on  the  voice  and 
paflions  is  finely  dcfcribcd  by 
Plutarch :  the  Lacedemonians  went  on 
to  the  charge  by  the  found  of  Eutes>  that 
marching  by  meafure  they  might  pre* 
fervetheevennefs  and  order  of  their  ranks, 
according  to  Thucidydes.  When  foldiers 
are  brought  to  lift  their  legs  and  ftep 
together  in  time,  if  any  one  breaks  it, 
by  fetting  down  his  foot  fconer,  the 
officer  is  fenfibk  of  it  immediately. 

Thevenot  tells  us,  camels  are  cheered 
up  in  travelling  by  the  fongs  of  their 
drivers ;  do  we  not  dance  a  whole  night 
to  the  found  of  mulic  without  being 
fatigued  ?  when  half  that  motion  wou'd 
tire  us  beyond  meafure  without  thefe 
melodious  inftruments !  I'll  anfwer  for 
myfelf  never  to  think  any  march  too 
long,  provided  a  band  accompanies  the 
corps  !  Nay  how  infpiring  even  is  the 
fife  and  drum ;  yet  I  have  known  and 
l€en  very  good  company  officers  that 
neither  cou'd  ftep  to  time,  or  diftingui(h 
the  grenadier's  march  from  any  other 
beating  1 

To 


K'-'i 


(     i63    ) 

To  conclude  this  harmonious  topic, 
I  will  only  fuljoin  how  feamen  arc 
manceuvred  by  the  boatfwain's  whiftle  i 
and  the  boors  in  Germany  ring  changes 
with  their  flails  in  threfhing  corn,  which 
delight  themfelves  and  the  ilanders  by  I 


i.M 


m 


"  Music  hath  charms  to  footh  the 
**  favage  breaft,  &c."  and  is  the  only 
one  of  terreftrial  pleafures  that  we  have 
prefumed  to  place  in  Heaven,  where  it 
holds  an  illuftrious  rank  in  the  pompous 
defcriplions  of  the  joys  of  the  other 
world,  which  one  might  imagine  in- 
compleat,  were  it  not  for  the  coeleflial 
concerts  performed  by  the  Angels,  in 
iinging  the  glory  of  the  great  creator  of 
all  things  I 


'•\  -i  ( 


1^3 


DANCE. 


IS<  '><•' 


fj|H 


'-.      ' '  ■  Hi 


<    i64    ) 


D    A    N    C    R 

DANCING  is  not  a  late  invention, 
but  hath  been  the  recreation  of 
mankind  tinie  immemorial !  Antiquity 
recommends  it  as  falutarv  and  ufeful  to 
ivarriors,  as  thefe  words  intimate, 

*'  Slut  reB^fciv^re  cboris  decorare  deor^ 
'*  hi  optim}  et  in  bello" 

Samuel  fpeaks  of  David  dancing 
before  the  ark  ;  and  that  Judith  did  the 
fame  after  killing  Hoiofornes  I  Accord- 
ing to  Xenophon  and  Cicero  it  was  one 
of  the  Gymnaftics  and  a  military  exer- 
cife  ;  not  that  they  thought  it  neceflary 
to  fight  in  cadence,  but  euential  in  giving 
the  foldiers  agility  of  body  and  nimble- 
nefs  of  feet  to  march  in  clofe  order  with 
equal  pace ;  the  former  will  fhew  you, 
that  even  the  Greeks  in  their  dances  for 
paflime  always  performed  them  with 
arms. 


Homer  ftiles  dancing,  a  gift  divine, 
Socrates  exercifed  much  in  this  way 
according  to  Lucian  j  Pyrrhus  invented 
thofe  particular  interchanges,  which  are 

dlAinguiihed 


Si 
•r 


(  165  1 

dlftinguiflied  by  the  appellation  of  Pyr« 
rick  dances ;  and  the  great  Antiochus 
we  h.^d  was  a  lover  of  this  Amufement. 
All  which  prove,  that  no  age  or  country 
(the  New-Englanders  excepted)  ever 
held  this  innocent  recreation  in  contempt. 
Louis  the  XlVth,  excelled  in  the  grave 
Dance ;  one  wou'd  naturally  expert  the 
reverfe  in  a  Frenchman.  Do  not  tho 
Indians  perform  a  war  dance  ? 


I* 


i<l- 


.M 


i| 


M3 


EXERCISE 


Lii-' ',? 


mi     k.   :a  ri'l 

.1,    M 


X^'r    I 


( 


166 


/ 


EXERCISE. 

THEY,  who  accuftom  tbemfelves 
to  it,  arc  generally  very  robuft, 
and  feldom  fubjedt  to  difeafe  5  for  which 
reafon  the  wifdom  of  antiquity  appointed 
rewards  for  them  that  excelled  in  the 
gymnaftic  games,  which  hardened  the 
bodies  of  their  youth  to  the  toils  of  war. 
It  is  the  'jnhappinefs  of  human  nature, 
that  it's  defires  infinitely  exceed  it's 
endeavours  ;  we  wou'd  fain  enjoy  the 
good  we  wi(h  for,  without  taking  the 
necefTary  pains  to  come  at  it !  but  as  we 
hold  life  on  condition  not  to  poiTefs  any 
profit  without  labour,  youth  (hou*d  be 
early  exercifed  in  the  end  propofed. 

Practice,  after  a  while,  makes  ex- 
crcife  eafy^  when  it  becomes  eafy  we 
take  pleafure  in  it;  when  we  take  plea- 
fure  therein  we  excrcife  mo*  t  frequently  j^ 
frequent  practice  becomes  habitual ;  con- 
firmed habit  is  a  kind  of  fecond  nature  ; 
and  fo  far  as  any  thipg  is  natural,  it  is 
iieceflary,  and  we  can  hardly  do  without 
it.  *'  Train  up  a  child  in  the  way  he 
♦*  fhould  go,"  &c.  &c.  The  greater  any 
affair  is,  fo  ought  the  means  be  to  cffed: 


(     '67    ) 

it:  affiduky  joined  with  prudence  will 
carry  every  fchcme  they  have  in  view  s 
they  Create  unanimity  which  bears  down 
the  powers  of  prejudice,  felf-intereft, 
ignorance  and  pride,  th  .  often  defeat 
well  laid  plans  and  flip  opportiinities. 

Industry  is  the  beginning  of  any 
bufinefs  with  carneftnefs,  carrying  it  on 
with  vigour,  and  iinifhing  with  fpeed  ; 
fparing  no  pains  or  labour  through  the 
whole  procefs.  Prud^^nce,  diligence, 
friendship,  the  public  good,  love  of 
fatigue,  oeconomy,  temperance,  all  the 
virtues  of  an  hiTC  of  bees,  ought  to  be 
thofe  of  an  army ;  and  the  fame  incli^ 
nations  to  fociety  and  order  in  the  one? 
ihould  be  cultivated  in  the  pther. 

Frugality,  or  the  art  of  fparing, 
to  make  every  thing  go  as  far  and  -  laft  as 
long  as  it  can,  is  the  fkill  of  contriving 
and  managing  whatever  comes  under  our 
care  and  concernment ;  fo  as  to  make  the 
moft  of  every  thing,  and  wafte  as  little 
as  poflible  :  Induflry  and  frugality  were 
deemed  heroic  virtues  by  the  Romans, 
and  made  a  rule  in  private  life,  as  well 
as  in  the  government  of  the  republic. 

\ 


i""  ;i 


r::':j:: 


I  '      r 
''    ''J 


i  i 


(    »65    ) 

The  five  games,  dr  cxercifes  fo  much 
celebrated  in  Greece  were,  leaping,  run- 
ning, throwing  the  difk,  boxing  and 
wreftling.  The  courfe  confided  of  600 
feet  only ;  the  other  of  34  ftadia. 

Socrates  difcourfing  with  Pericles, 
fays,  you  can  give  an  account  when  it 
was  you  began  to  learn  the  duties  of  a 
captain,  as  certainly  as  when  you  were 
taught  to  wreftle  ;  if  this  be  not  fpoken 
by  way  of  comparifpn,  it  (hews  that  the 
youth  of  the  greateft  families  learned  the 
pancratium  or  five  games  :  but  the 
Athenians  exercifed  Qt  the  oar,  and 
thought  rowing  a$  commendable  as  any 
of  the  others/  Philopaemon  efl.eemed 
wreftling  improper  for  a  foldier,  and 
why,  may  be  known  in  Plutarch.  Give 
me  leave  to  hold  boxing  much  more  fo  ! 
anciently  the  (hews  and  games  coft  the 
fpedtators  but  little ;  the  performers  in-r 
deed  put  thenifelve$  to  vaft  expence  and 
pain5. 


■' '  f 


MARCHES, 


N:'*' 


(    i69    ) 


MARCHES. 


THOSE  of  Cyrus,  mentioned  by 
Xenophon  who  accompanied  him, 
fccm  too  large,  if  there  be  not  fomc 
miftake  in  us  or  him  with  regard  to  the 
meafure  :  but  men  in  high  exercife  uled 
to  fatigue  (with  the  very  wholefome 
hearty  diet  of  that  time)  were  capable  of 
performing  what  we  can't  believe.  Mar- 
Ihal  Turenne's  long  march  (which  we 
all  know  of)  was  of  fo  great  extent,  that 
it  appears  impradlicablc  now-a-days  to 
make  fuch  another  in  fo  iliort  time. 


Of.  all  enterprizes  in  war,  none  arc 
more  wonderful  or  more  worthy  of  at- 
tention than  thofe  very  long  ones  of 
retiring  from,  or  going  to  an  enemy 
(viz.)  the  memorable  retreat  of  the 
10,000  Greeks  !  of  Alexander  and  Kculi- 
Khan  to  India  !  of  Hannibal  over  the 
Alps !  fuch  undertakings  being  ufually 
attended  with  all  the  obflaclcs  one  has 
to  furmount  in  every  other  part  of  tiie 
moft  defperate  wars;  and  with  many 
that  do  not  occur  in  them  :  for  in  fuch 
expeditions,  not  only  the  reliilance  of  men 

is 


m 


mi 


( 


IJO 


) 


js  to  be  overcome,  but  that  of  places  and 
the  elemeints. 


Is  it  any  way  mal a  propos  to  throw  in 
here  the  march  of  the  light  infantry  and 
grenadiers  of  the  Britifh  army,  detached 
by  his  excellency  general  Gage  from 
Bofton,  19  April  1775  ?  They  had  their 
provilions,  neceflaries  and  72  rounds  of 
ball*  cartridges  per  man  to  carry,  and 
were  not  fairiy  on  their  way  before  one 
in  the  morning  :  they  advanced  to  the 
bridge  beyond  Concord,  were  deflroying 
fome  magazines  concealed  for  the  ufe  of 
th?  rebels,  they  began  to  return  home, 
when  to  their  great  aftonifhment  they 
were  Hred  upon  from  every  rock,  houfe 
hill,  tree  or  place  (out  of  thfiir  power  to 
get  at)  for  the  fpace  of  hours,  and 

without  being  able  to  fee  their  intended 
murderers !  notwithftanding  this  dan- 
gerous fituation,  in  the  greateft  order 
they  attained  about  fun-fet  the  heights 
of  Bunker's-hill,  and  lay  in  their  quar- 
ters at  Bofton  that  fame  night  \  the 
whole  diflance  was  about  miles,  and 
pet  formed  in  lefs  than  hours  !  I  have 
before  related  how  opportunely  and  cri- 
tically Earl  Percy  came  up  with  and  co- 
vered 

*  14  bullets  weigh  16  ounces. 


(     '7'    ) 

vercd  thefe  companies,  (though  not 
without  fome  lofs)  fiom  entire  de- 
Arudtion  ! 

The  rapidity  and  fecrecy  of  tho 
marches  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  and 
how  much  lefs  ground  theyencamped  on, 
than  we  can  with  equal  numbers  of  men, 
are  altonilhing !  the  fimplicity  of  the 
ancient  manner  of  life  made  the  imfe- 
dimenta  M/ilcis ;  temperance,  the  means 
of  fubfifting  eafierj  and  both  contri- 
buted to  readinefs  in  marching  ;  a  juft 
days  march  was  20  common  miles, 
or  20,000  paces  !  the  foldiers  carried  60 
pounds  weight,  and  were  to  intrench  the 
camp  before  the  day  ended. 

When  Thurot  landed  near  Carrick- 
fergus  in  February  1760,  the  Xth  regi- 
ment of  foot,  cantoned  in  the  vicinity 
of  Kilkenny,  began  their  march  at  twelve 
at  night,  under  lieut,  colonel  Gjfborne, 
and  the  greater  part  reached  Dublin  in 
24  hours  (notwithftanding  the  inclement 
feafon)  which  is  a  diftance  of  56*  Iriih 
miles  at  2240  yards  each  ! 

Agesilaus, 

•  Upwards  of  70  Englifh  miles  and  a  hjvlf. 


t.t'; 


is 


i 


i.'.  \ 


...  "if I 


M'', 


(     172     ) 

Agesilaus,  returning  with  his^rm^? 
from  Afia  to  the  defence  of  his  country, 
ufed  fo  much  diligence,  that  he  marched 
in  thirty  days,  what  Xerxes  was  a  whole 
year  about ! 

Having  thus  far  treated  of  the 
long  marches  of  ancient  and  modern 
troops  in  genera]!,  I  fhall  clofe  the  fubjedt 
with  a  few  remarks  on  particulars.  A 
foldier  (fome  time  ago)''-«ndertook  to 
walk  15  times  from  St.  Giles's  church  to 
the  bell  in  Weft  Smithiield  and  back 
again  in  twelve  hours,  with  a  bag  of 
halfpence  on  his  back,  weighing  twenty 
one  pounds  :  he  performed  it  with  great 
cafe,  having  an  hour  and  half  to  fpare  ; 
^tis  computed  to  be  near  forty  eight  miles. 

Thomas  Wright  of  Hale,  in  the 
county  of  Chefter,  walked  fifty  computed 
miles  for  a  confiderable  wager,  and  car-*- 
ried  33  pounds  weight  all  the  journeys 
he  was  allowed  fourteen,  but  did  it  in 
twelve  hours  and  46  minutes ! 

I  REMEMBER  to  have  feen  a  man 
walk  50  times  round  St.  Stephen's  green, 
Dublin,  in  175 1  :  he  began  at  7  in  the 
morning,  and  fipifl^ied  auout  5  in  the 

afternoon. 


T>\ 


(     »73    ) 

afternoon.'  His  comrade  cleared  the  way 
for  not^iing  cwcry  ••ound  but  one,  jump- 
ing, bawling  and  flourifhing  a.  flick  be- 
fore him  5  but  neither  carried  any  weight. 
The  green  is  reckoned  an  Engli(h  mile 
about  on  the  outfide  of  the  svall^  but 
they  marched  within  it. 

Mr.  Powei,  that  lately  walked  from 
London  to  York  and  back  again  in 
days  is  a  greater  march  (I  believe)  than 
any  quoted,    the    diftance    being    402 
miles — ! 

The  Porter's  work  at  Liege  is  moftly 
carried  on  by  women,  called  des  Boue' 
tereJJ'est  by  thv^ir  trudging  continually  in 
the  dirt^  from  thence  to  Spa  (being  fix 
(hort  leagues)  thefe  viragos  come  to 
market  daily,  carrying  burthens  from 
thirty  to  forty  pounds  weight ;  and  re- 
turn at  night  laden  in  the  fame  manner. 
Might  not  the  foldier's  wives  of  our  army 
(generally  very  numerous)  be  made  more 
ferviceablc  to  the  Line  than  they  com- 
monly are  ?  Bat<,  women  would  greatly 
increafc  the  column  of  fighting  men; 
nor  can  I  fee  any  impropriety  in  the  ap- 
pointment, provided,  **  not  too  far  gone 
"  with  child  to  hurt  it,** 

RETREATS. 


n 


(     174    ) 


R  E  T  R  E  A   1 


ARE  of  two  forts,  voluntary  and 
forced.  Nothing  diftinguiflies  a 
general  fo  much,  and  many  great  cap- 
tains have  acquired  more  glory  from  k 
well  conduvfled  retreat,  than  a  number 
of  vitflories  !  That  of  the  10,000 
greeks  (as  perfcdly  defcribed  by,  as  glo- 
rioully  performed  under  Xenophon)  is 
the  moft  renowned  that  ever  was  made. 


Sometimes  it  is  nece/lary  to  retire 
with  a  view  to  bring  on  a  general  cn- 
gagement>  by  obliging  the  enemy  to 
abandon  a  ftrong  poft  in  order  to  follow 
you  ;  or  to  attack  him  with  more  advan- 
tage in  another  quarter,  as  G.  Howe 
did  from  Bofton  in  1776,  which  he  ef- 
fedted  in  a  maf^erly  manner,  and  without 
lofs,  notwithftanding  his  fmall  garrifon 
was  furrounded  by  30,000  rebels  ;  .^000 
difaffedted  people  in  the  town  ;  above  100 
pieces  of  cannon  were  to  be  drawn  off; 
500  families,  attached  to  government, 
with  their  eifefe  to  be  imbarked  ;  with 
a  numberlefs  train  of  all  kinds  of  obfta- 
clcs  !  yet  the  malecontcnts  dur/l  not 
fliew  themfeivcs  'till   all  were  on  board, 

as 


(    ^7S    ) 

as  they  perceived  from  the  order  and  rc-- 
gula»-ity  with  which  every  mana^uvre  wa« 
condudted,  there  was  no  chance  on  their 
fide  in  attempting  even  toharrafs  the  rear 
divifions  of  ihe  royal  army.  Earl  Percy, 
covered  the  whole  retreat  at  the  head  of 
the  grenadiers ! 

It  wou'd  be  ungrateful  to  omit  men- 
tioning here  the  unanimity  that  fubfifted 
between  his  mdjefty's  k:'  and  land  officers 
on  this  important  occafion,  vice  admiral 
Shuldham,  commander  in  chief  of  the 
fleet,  exerting  every  ability  in  the  povvxr 
of  man  to  cover  and  protefl  the  imbark- 
ation,  which  he  timed  to  fuch  a  critical 
nicety,  that  getting  under  way  a  quar- 
ter of  an  hour  too  foon,  or  too  late  wou'd 
have  defeated  the  whole  evacuation  1  with 
fuch  rapidity  and  fuddennefs  does  the 
tide  flow  and  ebb  in  fnat  fhallow  har- 
bour !  His  indefatigability  and  condudt 
in  this  ftation,  afterwards  at  Halifax, 
and  in  forcing  a  paflage  up  to  Ncvv-York 
with  Frigates  amidft  innumerable  batte- 
ries, and  funken  che^mux  de  frizey  to 
facilitate  the  operations  on  ihore,  fhevw 
him  equally  great  in  fupporting  a  defceni 
or  in  covering  a  retreat  I  talents  feldon:^ 
conjoined  in  the  fame  perfon  !  But  3; 

much 


•        '  .  ■    I 

\ 

k 

■ 

,     't 

\ 

% 

}' 

t     i 

iij 

' 

-  i 

Miii 


(    '76    ) 

much  abler  pen  fliou'd  handle  thefe  mat- 
ters to  do  bare  jufticc  to  the  genius  and 
merit  of  this  commander*.  His  majefty, 
fcnfible  of  bo.  hath  been  gracioully 
plcafed  to  confei  ..  .e  dignity  of  a  peerage 
upon  him,  by  the  ftile  and  title  of  lord 
Sbuldham,  baron  Shuldham  of  the  king- 
dom of  Ireland ! 

The  event  of  this  voluntary  evacua- 
ting theMafTachufTets,  clearly  proved  the 
meafure  taken,  and  the  plan||  formed  for 
the  general's  future  operations*  to  have 
been  founded  on  the  moft  folid  politics  : 
for  in  the  fpace  of  3  months,  he  drove  the 
rebels  from  Staten,  Long  and  New- York 
iflands;  followed  them  into  the  Jerfeys 
as  far  as  Trentown  on  the  Delav^rare,  over 
which  they  retired  with  precipitation, 

when 

•  When  governor  and  commodore  on  the  Newfound- 
land ilation  in  17741  being  informed  by  a  private  letter 
tn  ami  of  the  want  of  forces  at  Boilon,  he»  with  a  truly 
noble  tatriotic  Jpirity  and  without  waiting  to  be  aiked, 
tock  It  upon  himfelf  not  only  to  difpatch  the  Rofe  fri- 
gate to  vice  admiral  Graves,  but  two  companies  of  the 
65th  regiment  to  general  Gage.— This  little  mite  (all 
he  couM  afford)  was  of  fingular  importance  to  hit  ma- 
jefty*8  Service :  but  the  manner  of  giving  it  fo  promptly 
and  unexpectedly  charadlerize  and  diilinguifh  the  true 
patriot,  gentleman  and  oiEcer  in  the  fuperlative  degree* 

11  This  plan  was  formed  by  general  Gage  the  pre- 
ceeding  Winter,  and  highly  approved  of  by  government 
at  home. 


(  ^n  ) 

wl^n  (cvere  wintef  onfy  put  an  ^nd  to 
the  purfuit  I  f  Were  any  one  to  aft:  how 
it  was  poflible  to  extend  conqueft  fo  far 
in  fo  ihort  a  time,  againfl  ten  to  one,  it 
might  be  anfwered  (as  Alexander  did  on 
a  iimilar  quedion)  "  By  not  deferring 
"  'till  tp-morrow  what  could  be  done 
•*  to-day."  This  talent  of  never  lofing 
occafion  is  among  the  firft  qualifications 
of  a  general, 

•  * 

^*  Nil  a^um  reputansyjt  jutd  Juperejfet 
•*  agendum.'' 

Troops  (hou'd  never  be  told  cither 
before,  or  whiUl  in  adHon,  where  they 
are  to  retreat  to  in  cafe  they  are  beaten  : 
'Tis  the  general  only  forefees  the  proper 
place,  without  difcovering  it ;  nay  he 
knows  the  very  roads  the  right,  left  and 
centre  are  to  march  through,  ihou'd  fuch 
a  misfortune  happen !  in  fome  fituations, 
ncceflity  may  oblige  him  to  facrifice  a 
part  of  his  army  to  fave  the  reft ;  but 
this  hardy  refolution  i$  never  taken  except 
^n  the  laft  extremity. 


•n 


% 


4:  1 


N 


Hanno, 


K  'Tis  hard  to  determine,  whether  the  campaign  was 
puftied-  on  okore  vigorouily  by  the  royal  army,  or  more 
simoroully  \jy  the  rebels. 


"».! 


.,ni 


(    '78    ) 

Han  NO,  unable  to  relieve  Hannibal 
fon  of  GifcOf  befieged  in  Agrigentunn  by 
the  Romans  (altho'  he  held  the  befiegcrs 
cut  off  from  all  communication  with 
their  allies  and  provifions)  was  obliged 
to  give  up  this  advantage  and  rifk  a  battle 
with  Pofthumius.  Polybius  gives  no 
reafon  for  the  ina(flivity  of  Hannibal 
during  the  engagement ;  but  only  fays, 
**  while  the  Conful  was  making  rc)oic- 
**  ings  for  a  compleat  victory,  that  the 
**'  Carthaginian  garrifon  retreated  under 
**  favor  of  the  night  !  and  it  was  day 
**  before  the  Romans  knew  of  it.  How- 
ever they  purfued,  and  came  up  With 
Hannibal ;  but  his  experience  in  wai* 
**  made  him  facrifice  part  of  his  rear- 
«•  guard,  to  fave  the  remainder  !'■ 


4« 


«< 


0<^ 


*'i 


eitt^ 


PLUNDER. 


• 

M 

( 

}>0 

1 

) 

W 

'i 

L 

^  ^    ^  « 

U 

,    I 

N 

i  . 

D 

• 

E 

R, 

i 

T  TA  V I N  G  been  the  caufe  of  fatal 
I  X  accidents  to  vidorious  armies,  the 
Romans  brought  it  under  difcipline ; 
executed  it  orderly ;  diftributed  it  juftly 
among  the  prefcrit,  abfent,  fick  and  welL 
See  theirs  and  the  jewi(h  regulations 
On  this  article. 


t     !■ 


4€ 


«< 


«< 


t( 


*^  Wi^ATSOLVE^  officef  or  foldJer 
(after  vidtory)  fhali  quit  his  poft  to 
plunder  and  pillage;  every  fuch  of- 

**  fender,  being  duly  convidled  thereof, 
fliall  be  reputed  a  difobeyer  of  military 
orders^  andfuffcr  Deaths  &c." — 13th 

art.  14th  fedt.  article  of  war.  • 

So  many  ancient,  nay  recent  examples 
can  be  given  of  the  dangerous  confc- 
quences  of  plundering,  that  it  were  to 
be  wifhed  no  pardon  was  ever  granted  to 
thofe  found  guilty  of  it ! 


,  J 


Na 


BRIDGES. 


!!C  \'i^':iit 


l^f^^l . 


I  liliU 


III 


11  ''Jim 


% 

■i;  '  -j 

l' 

V 

f""'-*j 

H 

'■i- ■,  1 

:f 

^;<i 

i' 

'1^ 

'■A 

■  ^7 

m 

ill*' 


(    ^.8?    ) 
BRIDGES. 

If 
N  the  year  1648,  the  French  ariny 
under  marfhal  Turenne,  and  the 
Svveedifli  commanded  by  Wrangle,  adting 
together ;  the  latter  were  fo  expert  at 
throwing  bridges  over  rivers,  that  the 
artillery  officers  of  France  learned  the  art 
from  them. 

In  our  war  of  1740,  I  have  been  cre- 
dibly informed,  there  was  not  a  man  in 
the  Britifli  army  in  Germany  knew  how 
to  lay  Pontoons,  'till  lieut.  col.  Dean,  , 
who  had  ferved  tinder  the  duke  of  Marl- 
borough, was  found  to  inftrud:  them. ! 
TheRoman  method  of  conftrudling  float-p 
ing  bridges,  as  defcribed  by  Arrian,  qiay 
be  of  uie.  .  - 

C^sAR  mentions  a  bridge  he  made 
to  pafs  the  Baetis  in  Spain.  That  which 
he  threw  acrofs  the  Rhine  is  a  mafler- 
pfece,  and  the  more,  admirable,  fince 
there  is  none  now  on  that  river !  The 
one  Niceas  had  put .  together  at  Athens, 
brought  from  thence  to  Rhene,  and  in 
one  night  paffed  it  over  the  channel 
which  feparates  that  ifland  from  Delos, 
was  about  410  years  before  Chrifl ;  but 
Xerxes's  bridge  acrofs  the  Hellcfpont, 
was  long  before  this  ^ra  ! 

OFFICERS, 


:,;jl 


(    i8i    ) 
O  F  F  I  G  E  R  S. 

i  .   -  .  -^ 

fTT^HE  Romans  had  no  word  to  ex- 
J[  prefs  thcfc ;  the  conful  and  people 
chofe  the  tribunes,  who  cledted  the  cen- 
turions, and  thefc  appointed  and  formed 
the  feveral  manipules :  the  conful  name(J 
the  legates  of  the  army. 

In  Plutarch's  life  of  Cicero  we  find 
that  in  his  confulate  he  made  one  Vitris, 
2  Sicilian,  captain  of  artificers  ;  from 
whence  mcy  be  inferred,  that  the  conful 
(to  whofe  lot  Italy  fell)  was  Mafter  of 
the  ordnaqce  for  the  year; 

The!<:e  were  two  inferior  officers 
called,  Optioncs  and  Teflerarii,  both  for 
the  cavalry  and  infantry  :  the  firfi:  carried 
the  petitions  of  the  foldiers  to  their 
captains  ;  the  fecond  received  the  parole 
(wrote  upon  a  chip  of  wood)  from  the 
Tribune,  and  diftributed  it  5  but  after-? 
wards  this  bufinefs  was  eredled  into  a 
particular  office,  and  then  the  Tefferarii 
were  changed  into  Scultores,  or  fcouts  to 
liften  to  the  converfation  of  the  men  ia 
their  tents !  This  was  a  very  mean  em-» 
ployment  indeed  ! 

N  3  Tacitus 


iiPi' 


i 


m 


'Ir. 


!»#< 


m 


• .  \ 


■■ '!,  *  ft.v, 


Mi 


:m: 


":ft«*^ 


8.V'. 


ir^^ 


<c 


«( 


<( 


(< 


<  182  ) 

Tacitus  fpeaks  of  two  Manipularii 
that  offered  to  majke  Gtho  emppEor;  and 
Pliny  tells  us  that  Bseton  and  Diognetus 
were  quarter  mafter?  general  to  the  Mat 
cedopi^n  army;  he  ftyjes  them,  "  Sur- 
veyors of  camps  and  marches,  and 
often  qiLidtes  their  writings  which  are 
**  not  now  extant :  however  he  has  pre-r 
ferved  to  us  the  pic^^ure  of  Alexan- 
der's marches  as  laid  down  by  thefc 
f  two  ofikefs.**  "         ; 

In  the  Phalanx,  every  cornpany  had 
five  officer?  befides  a  captain ;  viz.  An 
enfign,  a  rear  commander,  a  trurppeteri 
an  adjutant  and  a  cryer.  , 

'jTh^lrx  was  a  p^rtaip  age  required 
in  the  candidate  for  military  as  w'ell 
as  fpr  civil  employs ;  and  the  ancient? 
had  fewer  officers  in  prppprtion  to  the 
men  th^n  we  :  difcipline  made  a  fmallec 
nupiber  do,  who  were  little  expencp  tq 
the  flate,  and  lef?  incpn^brance  to  the 
nvaf ;  for  it  was  fq  ftriffl,  that  every  one 
was  laid  under  the  neceffity  of  either 
fievoting  themfelves  entirely  to  the  fcr- 
vice,  or  letting  them  that  did  their  du  Jy, 
pafs  over  their  heads,- 


*/ 


Tour 


{    ^83    ) 

Tour  of  mounting  guard  came  oftner 
round  to  a  few„  than  it  wou'd  have  done 
to  a  greater  number  of  officers  i  by  which 
experience,  readinefs  and  fteadinefs  wer6 
fooner  acquired  ;  but  none  were  allowed 
to  hold  two  commiffions  as  with  us. 
They  and  the  foldiers  were  armed  alike  ; 
little  diftindtion  was  made  in  their  uni- 
forms|j,  or  manner  of  living ;  and  they 
of  the  fame  company  were  never  fcpa- 
rated,  but  always  fought  together. 

*  . 

Plutarch  relates,  that  Marius  was 
of  obfcure  parentage;  Paterculus,  that 
he  was  equejlri  loco  :  be  this  as  it  may, 
he  ferved  his  firft  campaign  under  Scipio 
befieging  Nuqiantia,  where  he  engaged 
^nd  killed  an  enemy  in  fight  of  hia 
genyral,  who  thereupon  made  him  cap-? 
tain  of  the  ward,  and  often*  had  him  at 
His  table  afterwards :  That  on  a  review,t 
his  horfes  and  mules  were  in  better  con- 
dition than  the  reft  of  the  (?orps  j;  by 
which  it  feems  probable  he  belonged  ta 
the  cavalry.  The  Greelts  always  diftin- 
guiflied  whether  a  <?aptain  v/as  Decurio, 
QV  Centurio.  QUESTOR. 

II  The  Lacedemonian  and  Macedonian  uniforms 
were  red  ;  their  hoqueton  or  furtout,  purple. 

The  Thracian  foldieri  wore  furcotes  of  black. 

Plutflirch  n^en;ion^i  iloppages  being  made  from  th^ 
men  for  cloauing. 


,'     Al 


! 


\t' 


■  ^M 

ii 

'ml 


iiiitil 


(  184.  ) 

CL  U    E    S    T    O    R. 

TEN  years  fcrvicc  were  required  in 
them  vrho  afpired  to  this  oflice> 
which  though  the  loweft  in  thfc  magif* 
trature  of  the  city,  yet  he  held  a  very 
high  command  in  the  field.  Titus 
QuartusCapitolinus,  after  the  confulfhip, 
did  not  think  himfelf  degraded  by  thid 
employ ;  and  Cato  the  elder  accepted  of 
it,  aft  r  having  been  dignified  with  a 
triumph  !  At  length,  none  but  confuls 
cou'd  be  queftors, 

Thsy  who  exercifed  this  duty  had  a 
filial  reverence  for  their  fuperior  magi- 
Urates  under  whom  they  ferved :  fuch 
was  the  regard  paid  fo  fubordination, 
and  to  the  performance  of  all  fundions 
with  integrity  and  good  *wilL 

C.  Gracchus  ferved  in  the  army  12 
years,  though  only  obliged  to  ten  ;  and 
three  years  as  queftor,  notwithftanding 
the  law  permitted  him  to  retire  after  12 
months. 


PRETOR* 


<    iSs    ) 
P     R    E     T     O     R. 

QUINTUS  CICERO,  youngeft 
brother  to  the  Orator,  held  this 
ofRde  in  the  year  of  Rome  691,  and  the 
government  of  Afia  minor  fell  to  him  by 
lot  the  year  following.  He  was  brave, 
honefl  and  learned,  but  had  no  command 
cf  himfelfi  being  cafily  led  by  thofe,  who 
accommodated  themfelves  to  his  humour. 
Four  years  afterwards  he  ferved  in  Gaul 
as  one  of  Csfar's  lieutenants,  and  is  well 
fpoken  of  by  that  emperor, 

Lucius  Afranius  was  one  of  Pom- 
pcy's  creatures,  and  is  faid  to  have  fung 
better  than  he  commanded  in  a  province  ! 
notwithflanding  he  obtained  the  coa« 
fulate  in  the  year  of  Rome  693. 


WAGES, 


■  'j'l 


'Ml 


:fc  ;*.  • 


(    186    ) 
WAGES,    OR    PAY. 

NCIENTLY  the  intereft  of 
money  was  monthly  ;  and  all 
fubliftencc  then  iflued  at  that  period,  as 
at  this  time  in  India,  where  it  ftill  con* 
tinues  in  vogue.  In  Greece,  the  fbldiers 
and  failors  were  paid  after  this  manner  : 
Xenophon  mentions  only  the  general's, 
captain's   and  foldier's  wages  ;  "   That 

the  captain's  was  double  the  men's  ; 

and  the. general's  (or  they  that  com* 
"  manded)  had  twice  as  much  pay  as  the 
*'  captain."  But  there  is  reafon  to  be- 
lieve that  afterwards  there  were  other 
diftindions,  for  Arrian  mentions,  *'  the 
**  iiJe-leaders  and  bringers  up  to  have 
*•*  had  more  pay  than  the  private  men," 


(< 


<c 


The  Roman  authors  fpeak  of  the 
fubfiftence  money  of  the  centurion  being 
double  the  foot  foldier's  ;  and  the  horfe- 
man's  thrice  as  much  :  the  gratifications 
of  plunder  and  pris^e  fnoney  were  gene- 
rally diftributed  in  the  fame  porportion  : 
but  what  the  tribunes  received  is  un- 
certaiq. 


Bv 


(    '87    ) 

Bv  a  merry  ftory  Pliny  gives  us  of  a 
Candlefticky  one  wou*d  imagine  it's  value 
was  equal  to  the  annual  pa  of  a  tribune ; 
and  although  the  army  was  paid  daily  in 
the  tin^e  of  the  repablic,  they  always 
had  a  year's  ftipend  given  them,  even  if 
the  war  was  ended,  and  they  difbanded 
fix  months  after  raifing.  The  Velites 
had  lefs  wages  than  the  legionaries. 

But  it  is  not  clear  what  the  pay  or 
gratifications  of  the  officers  of  cavalry, 
infantry  or  artillery  (above  the  degree  of 
thofe  already  quoted)  were,  or  whether 
any  i  yet  the  Romans  coined  money  for 
payipent  of  their  trpops  in  every  country 
where  they  made  war  ;  and  all  who  had 
ferved  the  time  limited  by  law,  were 
rewarded  with  a  portion  of  land§. 

The  fen  ate  refufed  T.  Gracchus  (a 
tribune  of  the  people)  a  tent  and  nine 
oboles  a  day,  ufuajly  given  to  thofe 
abroad  on  public  fervice  ;  but  Dacier 
afferts  they  objedled  only  to  furnifh  the 
tent,  and  ordered  him  nine  oboles  per 
diem  by  way  of  contempt.  This  I  leave 
%o  the  very  learned  in  greek  and  latin, 

who 

§  It  is  to  be  hoped  this  example  will  be  impartially 
followed  in  America,  after  the  rebellion  is  quelled  i 


W'-' 


m 


'ICII 

-1! 


(     i88    ) 

who  have  help  at  hand,  and  moi-e  leiiurc 
than  I  at  this  prefcnt  writing. 


I  i 


Cato  wou'd  not  hring  with  him  to 
Italy  the  cavalry  he  had  in  Spaiti,  to 
fpsre  the  republic  the  cxpence  of  tranf- 
portSng  them :  and  while  he  cottimanded 
in  that  province  never  drew  rworc  than 
1 60  pounds  of  barley  a  day  from  the 
magazine,  for  his  faddle  horfes  and  bag-< 
gage  mules. 

They  gave  great  pay  and  large  al- 
lowance of  corn  to  the  foldiery  ;  to  the 
officers,  refpedl  and  honor y  with  a  mo- 
derate fhare  of  what  was  neccflary  to 
live  on. 


1^^^ 
ff 


T 

giers, 
in  any 
black  ill 
in  the 

three 
but  thol 
pieces 

At 
times  ci 
have  hi 
continei 
prefercn 
it  may  ( 
not  forj 
commei 
with  th( 
mirs>  an 


.\ 


ft " 


FLINTS. 


I    i«9    ) 


FLINTS. 

THE  export  of  them  is  prahibiced  % 
bu^  our  failors  carry  them  to  Al- 
giers, becaufe  they  pafs  as  ready  money 
in  any  (hop  there.  I  take  the  Norflect 
black  flint  to  be  the  befl,  which  are  fold 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Graveiend  at 
three  and  five  fhillings  per  thoufand; 
but  thofe  made  in  that  village  for  fowlinjr 
pieces  are  cheap  at  four  tinies  the  fum. 

At  Quito,  in  Peru,  they  are  fomc- 
times  current  for  a  real  a  piece.  None 
have  hitherto  been  fouijd  in  the  vaft 
contineat  of  America.  Many  give  the 
preference  to  the  F vench  whitifh  flint ; 
it  may  defcrve  it  in  point  of  fhape,  but 
not  for  effedual  executioa.  Let  me  ret 
commend  it  to  the  foldiery  to  fcrew  it  in 
with  the  flat  fide  up,  as  it  will  feldomer 
mifs,  and  bnger  give  fire  in  that  pofition* 


■ii'i 


■  iia 


art 
i 


.Ji» 


uL 


ili- 


.REVETS 


;li',. 


(    I90    ) 


BOWS. 


f  If    » 


IS  there  no  cafe  in  which  thcfe  famoui 
and  ancient  inflruments  §  of 'battle 
may  be  rendered  ufeful  now  ?  Intelli- 
gence might  be  fent  into  a  beficged  place 
by  means  of  an  arrow,  better  than  by  a 
javelin,  as  Caefar's  letter  was  thrown  to 
Cicero. 

The  beft  bows  in  India  arc  made  of 
Horn  ;  in  fome  other  countries  they  arc 
of  difFerent  woods  :  Ovid  tells  us,  the 
nymph  Syrinx  had  her*s  of  the  former  j 
and  we  may  prcfume  from  paintings, 
that  Diana's  bow  was  of  the  fame  fub- 
ilance.  I  have  feen  fleel  bows  made  in 
England,  which,  (put  into  what  we  call 
a  crofs-bow)  wou'd  kill  deer,  bullocks, 
&c,  &c,  . 

The  battle  of  Chevy  Chace,  foug'jt 
with  thefe  inflruments  of  Death,  hath 
produced  as  fine  a  piece  of  epic  poetry 

as 


FLINTS. 


'(  =»9i    ) 

as  can  be  found  in  Homer  or  Virgil ; 
with  a  thought  intirely  new,  which 
Addifon  remarks  wou'd  have  ihined  in 
either! 


*!:-> 


;l'4 


tv. 


i  > 


'  So  right  his  fhaft  he  kt, 
The  grey  goofe  wing  that  was  thereon 
In  his  heart's  blood  was  wet ! 


i.  What  ftrength  of  expreflion  !  what 
ftrcngth  of  body  !  to  draw  an  arrow 
(generally  4  feet  long)  to  fuch  an  head 
(rather  tip)  as  to  flain  the  feathers  at  the 
nich  in  a  nxan's  heart's  blood  ! 


1^ 


^tj^-llb  i 


•fi;  -iv. 


••-«  - 


I  > 


«i 


f  I  r. 


'l(! 


>REVETS 


i 


m 


m 


'.■■.U' 


i:^'^i- 


(      '92      ) 


BREVETS 

HAVING  never  been  thoroughly 
undcrftood,  'till  his  majefty's  order 
in  1767,  I  Oiall  tranfcribe  it  as  given 
out  in  Ireland  by  the  late  earl  of  Gra- 
nard,  then  commander  in  chief  for  the 
time  being,  .  . 


€i 


.4€ 

it 
.<< 
«( 

4t 

it 
it 
it 


His  excellency  the  lord  lieutsn?nt 
having  laid  before  the  king  the  me»- 
morials  of  lieutenant  colonel  Tuhkqn;! 
of  45th  regiment,  and  of  lieutenant 
colonel  Cuningham  a  captain  of  faid 
regiment,  relative  to  a  contcft  between 
thofe  two  officers  for  the  command  at 
Corke ;  his  majefty  is  pleafed  (to  pre- 
vent fuch  difputes  in  future)  to  dircd. 


"  That  when  corps  join  either  in 
'*  camp,  garrifon  or  quarters,  the  old  eft 
**  officer  (whether  by  Brevet  or  any  other 
**  commiflion)  is  to  command  the  whole. 


it 


That  if  a  captain  happens  to  have 
**  the  rank  of  field  officer,  he  fhall  roll 
**  in  duty  with  field  officers,  and  an 
*'  overflaan  (hall  be  allowed  to  the  regi- 

"  mcnt 


it 

m( 

it 

of 

<( 

tt 

wl 

tt 

on 

it 

COi 

tt 

wh 

tt 

to 

it 

ace 

it 

th? 

iil 


t< 


it 


(    ^93    ) 

*'  ment  in  which  he  has  the  commiflloft 
'«  of  captain. 

**  And,  That  all  regimental  duties, 
**  which  are  compatible  with  the  fituati- 
**  on  either  of  the  officer  who  may 
**  command  the  whole,  or  of  a  captain, 
who  may  do  duty  as  field  officer,  are 
to  be  done  by  fuch  refpedtive  officers, 
«*  according  to  the  invariable  caflom  of 
**  the  army." 

'Twill  be  necetfary  herd  to  explalii 
the  nature  of  this  diipute.  It  is  ufual  in 
large  garrifons  in  Ireland  to  add  a  captain 
and  men  in  proportion  to  the  mainguard, 
when  the  judges  arrive  to  hold  the  affizes, 
lieutenant  colonel  Cunningham  being 
the  eldeft  captain  of  all  the  regiments  in 
Corke,  lieutenant  colonel  Tulikens  put 
him  in  regimental  orders  for  that  duty 
(which,  by  the  bye,  he  had  no  right  to 
do,  for  the  brevet  was  the  fenior  lieute- 
ilant  colonel  and  commanded  the  whole, 
confequently  no  reinforcement  or  dimi^ 
nution  cou'd  be  made  in  garrifon  guards 
without  garrilbn  orders)  which  he  de- 
clined on  account  of  his  ill  ftate  of 
health  ;  and  was  thereupon  reported  re- 
gimentally  to  the  earl  of  Granard  (to 

O  whom 


\  • 


1 


■  m 


"^ 


(     194    ) 

whom  I  had  the  honor  of  being  aid-de- 
camp at  that  time)  who  directed  the 
fubaltern's  guard  to  be  continued,  'till 
his  majefty's  pleafure  (as  before  recited) 
cou'd  be  known. 

As  I  have  heard  captains  fince  wi/h  to 
have  the  words,  incompatible  and  inva" 
ridble  cujiom  of  the  army  more  fully  ex- 
plained, I  will  t?ike  the  liberty  of  giving 
the  idea  they  convey  to  the  generality 
of  officers  of  diftindion,  that  1  ha?c 
converfed  with  on  the  fubjedl. 

That  no  man  can  do  two  duties  in 
different  ranks  at  once,  exercitual  and 
regimental,  is  a  granted  point  j  as  his 
turn  of  captain  and  field  officer  may 
happen  for  both  on  the  fame  day  ;  then 
which  duty  is  he  to  take  ?  the  gresteil: 
command  to  be  fure,  for  rank  cannot  be 
yielded  up.  Therefore  a  captain  adling 
as  a  field  officer,  or  colonel,  his  regi- 
mental fundlion  ceafes,  by  being  abforbed 
in  the  higher ;  elfe^  why  wou'd  his  ma- 
jefty  dired:  an  overflaan  for  him,  which 
credits  his  corps  with  a  captain  from  the 
brigade,  fo  that  his  duty  does  not  fall 
upon  the  regiment  ?  And  when  once  an 
overilaan  is  ordered  to  any  rank  what- 
ever. 


(   1«  ) 

ever,  that  officer  is  totally  abfent  with 
leave  from  his  corps,  until  the  duty  of 
field  officer,  aid-de-camp,  major  of  bri- 
gade, affiftant  engineer,  &c.  that  he  wag 
appointed  to  in  general  orders,  finally 
deafes.— ^I  fhall  clofe  this  part  of  brevets 
with  two  quotations  only  of  the  tnvari* 
able  rule  of  the  army  that  have  fallen 
within  my  knowledge — viz.  In  1750, 
lieutenant  colonel  iir  Harry  Erfkine,  on 
Dublin  duty  (tho'  regimentally  a  captaia 
in  the  royal)  was  exempted  from  all 
attendances  on  his  corps,  and  enrolled  only 
with  field  officers— ♦-That  the  fame  prac- 
tice ftill  continues,  we  need  only  advert 
'  to  the  cuflom  iince  the  American  re- 
bellion. 


As  I  have  the  highefl  veneration  for 
the  real  dignity  and  honor  of  the  fervice, 
there  are  fome  other  pundilios  I  wifh 
to  fee  as  well  fettled  by  authority  for  bre- 
vet officers,  while  in  quarters  with  their 
regiment  only,  and  doing  all  duties  ac- 
cording to  the  rank  they  hold  m  it— ^ 
(viz.)  A  captain  ranking  as  major,  lieu- 
tenant colonel  or  colonel  mounting  a 
guard,  picquet,  viliting  hofpital  or  being 
prefident  of  a  regimental  court-martial, 
I  (hould  humbly  conceive,  ought  not. 


<U   2 


nay 


(     19^    ) 

nay  cannot  with  propriety  report,  or  carry 
any  thing  to  be  approved  of,  to  a  junior, 
becaufe  he  accidentally  commands  the 
regiment !  Suppofe  this  temporary  com- 
mandant may  be  the  youngeft  captain 
but  one,  and  the  other  the  youngeft  with 
rank  of  colonel !  is  it  compatible  with 
fervicc,  that  the  fenior  (who  may  have 
ferved  forty  years)  ihou'd  in  fuch  a  cafe 
wait  upon  the  junior  (perhups  of  five 
years  (landing)  *till  he  nods  and  fays^ 
"'tis  very  well,  fir  ?  This  appears  to  me 
(and  muft  glaringly  fo  to  all  who  have 
found  judgment)  acontradidion  initfelf ! 
but  having  never  been  reprefcnted,  it  refts 
unredlified  I  For  his  majefty  (the  foun- 
tain of  honor)  by  conferring  dignity  on 
old  officers,  never  means  it  ihouM  leffen 
or  humiliate  them.  A  regimental  com- 
manding officer,  let  his  rank  be  what  it 
will  (if  he  be  a  man  of  high  breeding 
and  literature)  will  never  allow  himfelf 
to  receive  any  report  from  a  fenior  bre- 
vet, but  in  the  way  of  amicable  conver- 
fation — This  is  the  true  etiquette. 

Again;  when  brevets  do  duty  as 
field  officers  or  colonels,  is  it  unreafona- 
ble  to  hope  they  fhou'd  be  allowed  the 
pay,  baggage,  bat,  forage  and  lodging 

money 


(  197  ) 

money  with  every  other  emolument  and 
advantage  of  the   rank  they  ferve  in  ? 
For  if  they  be  entitled  to  all  thefe,  adling 
as  general  officers  (when  the  additional 
pcrquifites  are  exceedingly  high)  why  not 
in  a  fubordinate  degree,  when   the   ex- 
pence   wou'd  fcarcely  be   felt  ?  We   all 
know  captain    Bradftreet  of  the    LXth 
regiment  was  a  major  general,  and  wou*d 
have  enjoyed  all  the  privileges  and  pecu- 
niarities  of  a  lieutenant  general  were  he 
now  alive  and   ferving  with  this  army. 
But  in  contraft  to  this,  I  have   feen   a 
brevet  major  mount  at  Boflon,  who  had 
four   captains   with   eight  fubalterns  to 
treat  (according  to  fa(hion)  every  eigh- 
teenth day,  which,  coft  a  great  deal  more 
than  he  could  afford  !  And  in  fome  re- 
giments, it  may  fo  fall  out,  that  a  brevet 
major   may  be  upon  lieutenant's  pay  J 
This  titulus^  Jine  re  is  a  miferable  fitua-^ 
tion  indeed  I  but  the  worft  is  to  came  \ 


:ii 


;;*!' 


m 


\% 


il'iiS 


If  I  miftake  not  (for  I  am  neceffitated 
to  go  by  memory)  the  judge  advocate 
general,  Mr.  Gould,  in  his  letter  to  the 
Secretary  at  war,  fets  forth,  **  That  the 
**  board  of  general  officers,  who  fat  by 

O  J  **  the 


•  Even  the  widows  of  brevet  officers  have  no  incrcaf© 
of  penfion  by  this  rank  ! 


m-  '^ 


mi 


(    198    ) 

**  the  king's  command,  to  regulate  the 
**  prices  of  commiflions  and  rank  in  the 
**  Army,  proceeded  in  their  valuations  at 
*'  the  rate  of  To  much  for  every  fhilling 
^*  per  day,  and  fo  much  for  rank  :"  If 
this  be  truly  ftated,  might  not  brevets  be 
permitted  to  bear  fome  proportion  in  a 
lale  where  an  higher  rank  is  to  be  pur^ 
chafed  ?  What  do  lieutenants  pay  for  in 
giving  the  difference  to  be  captains  lieu«p 
tenant  ?  Nothing  but  rank  and  a  going 
on  in  the  regiment,  as  brevets  do  in  the 
»rrpy.  Has  not  the  captain  lieutenancy 
been  eflimated  at  one  hundred  pounds 
more  on  account  of  this  very  rank  only  ? 
Is  the  captain  lieutenant  any  other  than 
a  brevet  captain  till  he  fucceeds  to  a 
company  ?  Can  we  wi(h  for  a  better  pre- 
cedent than  the  opinion  of  fo  many  g^ne-- 
rals  approved  of  by  royal  authority  ?  And 
his  majefty's!  moft  gracious  pleafure,  fig- 
nified  here  by  his  excellency  the  com- 
mander in  chief,  **  for  all  majors  prior  to 

**  1773,  ^'^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^^  willing  to  pur- 
/*  chaie  lieutenants  colonelcy,  to  giveja 
**;theirnames  in  order  to  bet.ranfmittedto 
*;  the  war  office,  that  their  pretenfions  may 
f|;be  confidered  when  any  promotions 
:*^  by  purchafe  arc  going  on  at  home," 
affords  the  moft  flattering  profpedl.  For  as 

mode 


(     199    ) 

mode  totally  excludes  them  from  fuc- 
ceeding  to  regimental  majorities,  they 
never  caa  arrive  at  the  wifhed  for  honor 
of  becoming  lieutenants  colonel,  with- 
out paying  two  thoufand  pounds  dif- 
ference :  whereas,  captains  becoming 
majors  without  buying  can  purchafe  that 
honorable  ftep  for  the  fmall  fum  of  nine 
hundred  pounds.  This  is  a  material 
circumftance  in  war  time,  and  principally 
to  thofe  that  have  families  to  leave  be- 
hind them  !  but  I  am  not  pleading  for 
fuch  brevets  as  took  the  difference  and 
retired  upon  half  pay,  and  have  fince 
been  re-inftated  without  purchaling. 
When  thefe  incongruities  are  impartially 
weighed  by  the  heads  of  armies,  I  pre- 
dict an  immediate  reformation. 


UT'SllaiJ 


M 

it! 


'  ■■  il 


^'r^ 


.! 


i 


I  •!l 


i 

w 


It 

f 


m 


tiii 


'I 


ANIMADVERSIONS. 


M 


um 


(      200      ) 


!>■  • 


ANIMADVERSIONS. 

TH  E  extindion  of  duelling  is  be^ 
come  im practicable  !  for  what 
penalties  can  intimidate  men  fuperior  to 
the  fear  of  death  ?  or  ftigmatize  what 
honor  approves  ? 

Duelling  fhou*d  be  either  a  manly 
decifion  of  fiich  differences  between 
particulars,  as  come  not  within  the 
cognizance  of  the  law  of  the  ftate  :  or 
^  generous  punidiment  of  injuries  irre*- 
parablc  by  the  magiftrate.  Was  a  com- 
putation to  be  made  of  all  that  have  fallen 
in  duels  for  a  feries  of  years,  the  incon-^ 
liderablenefs  of  tho  number  wou'd  but 
ill  juftify  the  extravagant  clamour  againft 
them. 

The  Gladiators  of  old,  tho*  inured  to 
the  moft  defperate  Jcind  of  combat,  made 
always  an  indifferent  figure  whenever 
the  neceflities  of  the  times  called  them 
into  Roman  armies  I  Nor  wou'd  a  regi- 
^lent  of  our  amphitheatrical  boxers  have 
rivalled  the  gallantry  of  Ell-r-ot's  taylors,- 

Our 


(      201       ) 

Our  bruliers  value  themfelvcs  too 
much  on  the  defence  of  hands ;  and 
ridiculoufly  contemn  the  reft  of  the 
world,  who  have  wifely  fuperfeded  ft. 
Fire-arms  are  the  weapons  that  fcarcely 
leave  any  inequality  between  combatants, 
but  that  of  intrepidity.  Robufticity  is 
no  valour,  nor  is  debility  always  pufilla- 
nimity.  The  Turks  never  fight  duels ; 
and  in  Denmark,  even  challenging  ano- 
ther is  punifhed  with  the  lofs  of  life  and 
eftate  :  nay  feconds,  who  do  not  endea- 
vour to  prevent  them,  undergo  the  fame 
fate.  Any  one  killed  in  a  duel  is  not 
fufFcred  to  be  buried  in  confecrated 
ground — Whoever  refleds  on  another, 
for  refufing  to  accept  a  challenge,  is 
declared  infamous  by  a  Danilh  law. 


'!!■    -MW: 


!'.'.  , 


¥ 


4 


HONOR. 


,  '",4 


m 


(      £02      ) 

HONOR. 

Mx\NY  have  wrote  on  this  topic, 
but  I  find  none  that  have  com- 
pared it  to  the  eye,  which  can't  fufter  the 
lead  moat  in  it,  without  being  blcmiflied  ! 
Honor  maybe  called  a  precious  flone, 
which  the  fmalleft  fpeck  makes  Icfs  va- 
luable !  it  is  a  treafure  irrecoverable 
when  once  unfortunately  loft!  Honoris 
for  this  life,  what  good  works  are  for  the 
other  world  !  the  firft  is  preferved  by  the 
greateft  delicacy ;  the  latter  by  the  greats- 
eft  care. 

Honor  and  life  put  into  feparate 
fcales,  are  of  equal  weight  ;  hut  take 
out  the  former,  and  the  latter  weighs 
nothing.  I  admire  the  Frenchman,  who 
remarks 

Uhonneur  eft  comme  une  ijle  ef car  pee 
&  fans  lords  !  \ 

On  ny  pent  plus  rentrer  des  <^u  on  en 
eji  dehors  I 


PATRIOTISM. 


t  H 


(    203    ) 
PATRIOTISM. 

THE  ancients  have  faid,  Dulce  pro 
patrid  mori  I  to  encourage  th^ 
people  to  ferve  it — But  what  do  you 
think  of  Dulce  pro  patria  viv^fre,  when 
one  has  fufficient  ability  ?  For  if  we  can 
do  no  more  good  to  our  country  than 
die  for  her,  we  refemble  the  bullocks 
and  fheep  that  die  for  the  ufe  of  her 
inhabitants — A  man  of  honor  will  rifque 
his  life  willingly  in  the  fervice  of  his 
country,  when  ihe  is  grateful ;  but  hs 
muft  be  a  fool  indeed  that  lays  down 
his  life  on  any  conlideration  whatfoever  I 
as  Marcus  Curtius  did !  and  what  was 
his  recompenfe  for  fo  unnatural  an-  ad  ? 
Hiftory  tells  us  only,  there  was  fuch  a 
fool  upon  the  earth  ! 


i 


'1  • 


m 


;),■ 


■).':  M 


SCHEME 


(      204      ) 


4ki    t    Z 


C   i^,K 


SCHEME    for  new   modeling 
rhe  British  Army. 

THAT  Great  Britain  hath  produced 
as  many  heroes,  and  as  good 
armies  as  any  one  flate  on  the  globe, 
cannot  be  denied ;  nay,  were  I  to  affert, 
her  troops  excel  thofe  of  all  other  coun- 
tries, it  would  not  in  the  leaft  be  more 
than  they  are  entitled  to  !  Then,  cry 
Jbme,  why  new  model  them  ?  becaule 
their  rank,  pay  and  promotion  are  at 
prefent  fo  unequal,  as  to  render  a  reform 
neceilary. 

That  fhe  as  a  maritune  power  hp.th 
nothing  to  do  with  European  continental 
wars  is  alfo  beyond  dilpute ;  they  only 
drain  her  of  men  and  money,  ingredients 
ftie  (hou'd  now  encourage  and  hoard  up 
for  more  important  purpofes ;  efpecially 
fince  the  general  rebellion  of  the  Ame- 
rican colonies  hath  laid  open  a  fcene  few 
people  in  England  ever  dream't  of!  And 
what  has  happened  may  happen  again  ! 
This  being  granted,  it  will  naturally 
follow,  we  muft  either  conquer  or  give 
up  the  weftern  empire  !  I  vote  for  the 
firft  f  as  tamely  fubmitting  to  the  latter 

would 


h 


(  205  ) 

would  argue  a  decadence  and  inability  iit 
the  Emprefs  of  the  feas,  whofe  fcepter 
Ihe  hath  hitherto  fwayed  triumphant : 
to  profecute  which,  i  will  not  only  pro- 
pofe,  an  efFedtual  but  oeconomical  plan. 

Our  heavy  cavalry  (a  weighty  expcnce 
to  the  kingdom)  become  ufelefs  the 
moment  we  quit  continental  wars  iti 
Europe;  convert  them  therefore  into 
ferviceable  infantry,  excepting  four  re- 
giments of  light  dragoons  in  Britain  ; 
the  like  number  in  Ireland  of  fix  troops 
each,  for  the  dignity  of  ftate  and  pre- 
vention of  fmuggling  :  for  if  ever  thefc 
nations  be  invaded,  it  will  be  by  foot 
only.  And  would  not  fucli  a  redudtion 
lower  the  price  of  butcher's  meat,  by 
hay,  &c.  being  made  cheaper  ?  Four 
regiments  more  of  nine  troops  each  will 
be  required  in  the  growing  Britifh  empire 
in  America. 

There  fhou'd  be  no  diftindlion  of 
rank,  or  difference  in  pay  in  the  King's 
army  throughout ;  but  the  whole  on  the 
fame  footing,  according  to  their  feveral 
degrees. — 

One  hundred  battalions  of  infantry 
to  be  formed  out  of  the  reduftions,  at 

five 


:f-  : 


:.,  i 


f^": 


i 


I'i' 


m 


'Mil 


(       206      ) 

five  hundred  men  each  in  time  of  peace, 
incrcafcd  as  exigencies  may  demand  in 
war,  and  to  be  difpofed  of  thus. 

Great  Britain  having  ^Battalions, 
a  large  militia  equal  to  any  / 

regiments  that  durfl  invade  f  i6 
her.                                          J 

Ireland  -  24 

Mediterranean,         -  10 

America  -•  50 


100 

Hey-dey  exclaims  a  fugar  planter,  what 
is  to  become  of  the  Weft  Indies  ?  and 
who  will  protect  us  from  the  negroes  ? 
There  is  not  the  Icaft:  occafion  for  any 
there,  except  invalid  corps  (where  the 
brave  veterans  will  live  twenty  years 
longer  than  at  home,  fo  benign  is  the 
climate  to  age  !)  and  for  thefe  reafons, 
Two  regiments  at  Jamaica  will  no  more 
defend  it  againft  an  invalion,  than  one 
will  the  iflands  of  Granada,  Dominique, 
St.  Vincent,  6cc.  What  then  is  the 
confequence  of  having  fine  battalions  fo 
flenderly  diipcrfed  there,  if  the  French 
and  Spaniards  are  beforehand  with  us  ? 
They  are  made  prifoners  without  being 
abletorefifl  at  all,  after  having  fucked  the 
flower  of  our  army  annually  to  keep  them 

compleat ! 


(      207      ) 

compleat !  bcfides  thcfc  robuft  recruits, 
(from  clime)  grow  enervated  and  unfit 
for  fervice  in  a  few  years — Such  arc  the 
different  cffcdts  of  the  country  on  old 
and  young  !  It  wou'd  therefore  be  eafier 
and  cheaper  in  fuch  circumftances  to 
retake  them  with  a  thundering  force  from 
the  American  continent,  from  whence  we 
can  arrive  at  them  in  a  fhort  fpace,  and 
return  the  compliment  by  putting  our- 
felves  into  the  pofleffion  of  Martinique, 
Guadaloupc,  &c.  at  the  fame  time ;  for 
whoever  reigns  in  the  weftcrn  world, 
muil  in  the  end  be  fovereign  of  the  Weft 
Indies.  I  aflert  this  from  my  local 
knowledge  of  thefe  iflands,  where  I  had 
the  happinefs  of  puffing  two  years  in  a 
public  chara^fter,  in  the  fari.ily  of  one 
of  the  befl  of  governors,  general  Rufane|| ! 

When  the  cavalry  and  infantry  rcqui- 
fitc   for  London   duty  are  there,  they 

might 

11  This  excellent  man,  exprefsly  forbad  his  Maitre 
d'  hotel  ever  to  buy  any  frefh  provifions  in  the  markets 
for  his  own  table,  'till  the  general  hofpital  was  iirfl 
ferved ;  and  publifhed  an  ordinance  againft  gaming, 
which,  for  the  fake  of  his  majelty's  liege  fubjedls,  he 
exprefsly  pnc  into  execution,  except  permitting  mon- 
fieur  Louberie  to  hold  a  Faro  bank  during  Lent,  for 
the  fupport  of  the  hopital  des  orphelines,  which,  by 
our  conqued  of  Martinique  was  deprived  of  the  annual 
allowance  of  Loiiis  XV  of  about  two  hundred  gui- 
neas. Rufane  permitted  vice  on/j  to  operate  for  cha- 
ritable and  virtuous  purpofes ! 


H 


II 

it: 


,  :i'i 

•-'III 

I'ij'   IT  -'' 


:  m 

;:'?« 


1*;  n 


(        208        ) 

mjglit  be  allowed  additional  pay  (as  in 
Dublin)  for  the  year ;  by  this  rotation 
the  whole  army  wou'd  have  the  honor 
and  fatisfadlion  of  being  known  to  their 
royal  mafter,  which  at  prefent  is  limited 
to  a  few ! 

Ti.E  fecfetafy  at  war  to  be  a  military 
man,  if  fuch  employment  be  needful ; 
but  I  humbly  apprehend  the  adjutant 
general  to  be  the  proper  officer  for  this 
department,  as  he  is  fuppofed  to  know 
the  merit  of  every  one  in  the  army  :  he 
fho?5'd  not  be  in  parliament,  as  he  will 
have  bulinefs  enough  without  it  5  but  of 
cafy  acccfs  to  all  of  the  profcffion.  There 
fhou'd  be  only  one  ctiief  adjutant  general, 
who  is  coi]ftantly  to  attend  the  king  ;  a^ 
many  deputies  as  detached  expeditions 
may  require ;  and  the  fame  rule  to  be 
obferved  in  all  capital  branches.  This 
is  OEconomy.  '    , 

All  fubalterns  to  be  lieutenants  at 
five  fhillings  per  diem  each  >  adjutants, 
quarter  mafters  on  the  fame  pay  to  be 
appointed  from  the  beft  ferjeants,  and 
never  to  be  double  commiflioned  on  any 
account.  Give  a  penlion  for  a  noble 
adi'on  rather  than   break  through  this 

rule. 


C   209   ) 

rule.  Chaplains  (feldom  attending,  the 
pay  of  abfentees  to  be  ftopt)  and  furgeons 
to  be  paid  as  captains;  furgeons  mates 
as  lieutenants,  out  of  thefe  lavings, 
which  will  make  it  worth  their  while  to 
flick  by  the  army. 

I  wou'd  not  here  be  underftood  to 
infinuate  any  reform  in  his  majefty's  foot 
guards ;  I  fliou'd  be  rather  inclined  to 
augment  that  irrefiftable  phalanx  to  three 
regiments  of  three  battalions,  or  thirty 
companies  each  ;  at  the  fame  time  wish- 
ing fome  plan  cou'd  be  hit  upon,  to  pre- 
ferve  a  greater  equality  of  rank  between 
them  and  the  infantry  :  for  I  have  heard 
it  remarked,  that  from  the  entrance  of  a 
young  gentleman  into  that  refpedtable 
body,  till  he  becomes  a  lieutenant  colo- 
nel, is  generally  a  period  frpm  twelve  to 
iixteen  years  !  while  in  ours,  it  is  a  life- 
time to  arrive  at  that  honour !  How  to 
remedy  the  one  without  infringing  on 
the  other  is  then  the  queflion.  I  fliou'd 
be  happy  to  be  able  to  form  a  kind  of 
congeniality  between  us.  Suppofe  they 
wou'd  permit  us  to  call  them  eldeft  bro- 
thers !  and  at  the  fame  time,  we  were 
to  be  honoured  with  all  the  regimental 
ranks  they  hold,  without  the  additional 

?  pay ! 


m^i 


?1>! 


r. ; 


'''■'I! 


iii 


4€ 


*t 


it 


€< 


vm 


{     210      ) 

pay  !  Wou'd  not  this  be  glorious  for  us 
without  injuring  them,  and  (Economical 
to  the  ftate  ?  Have  I  not  read,  "  that 
wherever  honorary  rewards  are  more 
efteemed  than  pecuniary  donations, 
'tis  policy  in  that  nation  to  confer 
them  ?"  I  appeal  to  the  gentlemen  of 
the  guards  themfelves,  who  are  generally 
of  the  firft  and  richeft  families  in  Eng- 
land. This,  then,  leads  me  to  another 
very  agreeable  propofal  to  that  diftin- 
guiHied  corps.  Are  there  any  of  them 
that  wou'd  be  forry  to  breathe  frefh  air 
in  country  quarters  now  and  then,  with- 
in an  hundred  miles  of  London  I  Are 
there  any  that  would  regret  leaving  the 
metropolis  two  years  out  of  three,  efpe- 
cially  as  they  might  obtain  leave  (on  bu- 
iinefs  or  health)  to  go  to  town,  when 
neceflity  urged  ?  Kow  for  the  intimate 
congeniality.  One  regiment,  or  a  bat- 
talion from  each  regiment  of  Guards  to 
be  conftantly  in  London,  and  relieved 
annually ;  the  reit  of  the  necelTary  gar- 
rifon  to  be  five  marching  corps  ;  by 
which  rotation,  the  whole  infantry  of 
Great  Britain  (fuppofing  a  regular  relief 
not  to  be  interrupted)  wou'd  have  the 
honor  of  doing  duty  on  their  royal  maf- 
ter  once  in  the  fpace  of  twenty  years  ! 

ROYAL 


(  "»  ) 


m 


ROYAL    ARTILLERY.! 

As  I  have  before  mentioned  Marflial 
Saxe's  prediction,  "  That  in  timet 
**  all  battles  will  probably  be  decided  by 
"  thefe  thunderbolts  of  war/*  I  wou'd 
propdfe  to  have  ten  battalions  of  this 
moft  lifeful  corps,  fufficiently  ftrong  to 
do  their  own  duty ;  for  an  army  is  con-» 
fiderably  weakened  by  furnifliing  addi- 
tional gunners,  &c.  to  the  artillery  iti 
every  campaign,  which  are  in  fadt  but 
hall  men  in  point  of  Utility,  and  much 
fpoird  for  their  own  fei*vice  a  long  time 
after — Their  deftination  fhou*d  be,  at 
the  rate  of  one  company  to  every  battalion 
of  infantry*  \. 


iii.>i 


It  iO  V 


■i/Jii1 


W 


( ' 


!«■: 


m 


ill!'' 


"t    , 

'ir 


tt 


Vz 


MILITARY 


r, 

I      r 

I  . 


:i'A 


m 


( 


212 


) 


ROYAL   ARTILLERY. 
MILITARY    ACADEMY. 

Most  excellent  inftitution,  were 
it  to  undergo  fome  few  alterati- 
ons. It  fliou'd  have  been  founded  far  from 
the  metropolis  and  fea  ports,  for  reafons 
too  obvious  1  Salifbury  plain,  diftant 
from  fafliionablc  vice,  wLich  youth  are 
over  fond  of  imitating,  wou*d  have  afFord- 
<;d  a  delightful  retreat  and  commodious 
lituation  for  ftudy.  The  tutors  and  offi- 
cers immediately  necelTary  to  relide  in 
the  academy,  fhould  not  only  be  men 
of  diftinguifhed  abilities  in  their  feveral 
departments,  but  of  the  moil  refined 
manners,  education  and  morals;  that 
their  examples  as  well  as  precepts  might 
form  the  youth  committed  to  their  charge 
to  VIRTUE  and  wisdom,  without  which 
their  labour  is  vain  ! 

The  education  of  youth  refembles 
the  culture  of  plants  ;vit  is  the  foil,  in 
which  the  infancy  of  man  being  fown, 
produces  good  or  bad  fruit  according  to 
it's  fertility  ;  for  as  the  well  or  ill  doing 
of  mankind  depend  principally  upon  it, 
ihej^reateft  care  poiSble  fhould  betaken 


(      213     ) 

to  inftil  Into  the  minds  of  our  yonng 
academicians  early  fentiments  of  love  foir 
virtue  and  averfion  to  vice  !  which  is 
moft  eafy  to  do,  if  undertaken  in  time, 
%s  they  (like  wax)  will  receive  any  im- 
pr^flion  wifhed  to  be  put  upon  them.  If 
we  examine  into  the  caufes  that  per- 
fecfkd  the  ancients  in  all  parts  of  war, 
it  will  be  found  that  their  public  fchools 
and  great  attention  to  dive  into  every 
branch  of  the  art  military  fpecuktivety 
and  pradlically,  produced  them.  Whj^ 
can*t  we,  i.'vC  the  Greeks  and  Romans', 
make  ufe  of  fuch  means  ?  We  ert€t  col- 
leges of  learning,  form  fgcieties,  to  gi:ant 
prcemia  to  thofe  who  have  compofed  beft 
in  verfe  or  profe  (too  often  on  frivolous 
fubjedls)  and  negledt  the  like  eftablifh- 
ments  for  military  thefes !  which  ought 
to  be  as  ufeful  in  propagating  the  martial 
fciences,  as  univerfities  are  for  law, 
phyfic  or  divinity.  Nay  mechanical  arts, 
and  commerce  (the  fwpports  of  our  na^ 
tionj  ought  to  have  their  feminaries,  with 
learned  proficients  to  teach  their  pupils 
the  principles,  rules  and  ends  of  the  pro- 
feffions  they  are  deftined  for,  and  then  lei 
us  obferve,  what  advantages  wou*d  fol- 
low from  fuch  inftitutions,  in  the  pro-* 
grefs  of  human  knowledge. 


■■ii;lil'tr»  .P 
'!  * 


:iltj 


■■,,f, 


f. 


1  il'lii;!'* 


«.: 


(■!<■;  M 

M 


r  JnTqw,  if  thefe  young  militarians  Were 
to  undergo,  a  proper  examination  (as  fea 
officers  do)  before  they  we're  pofted  to 
(corps ;  and  were  only  to  be  placed  in  the 
arniy  according  to  the  proficiency  they 
had  made  in  th?  martial  fludies*     .     . 


But,  as  the  nobleman*  that  prefides  over 
this  corps,  has  every  accomplifliment 
man  can  be  endued  with,  to  render  it 
fsifential  to  the  nation^,  and  put  it  on  the 
beft  of  foundations,  the  vifible  defed^ 
tnuA  arife  from  the  want  of  a  proper 

priginal  military  conflitution, 

« 

^  Lord  Townfliend. 


i 


t '  'I 


\n . 


%  • 

c  / 


r 


V      \ 


MARJNE8, 


(      215     ) 

MARINES. 

THIS  corps,  ferving  by  fea  and 
land,  ought  to  have  every  encou- 
ragement in  the  power  of  government, 
but  their  conftitution  is  fo  defedlive  at 
prefent,  that  it  is  neither  fifh  or  flcfli ! 
That  admirals  and  captains  of  the  navy 
fhould  be  generals  and  colonels  of  ma- 
rines by  W2iyo^Jine'Cure,  is  neither  poli- 
tical or  oeconomical.  Thefe  gentlemen, 
commanding  the  bulwarks  of  the  nation 
very  defervedly  have  extreme  emolument- 
ary  employments  in  their  own  depart- 
ments :  Witnefs,  Greenwich ;  guard 
fquadrons,  and  fhips  i  yatchts  i  commif- 
fioncrs ;  comptrollers  j  &c.  &c.  and  I 
dare  fay,  wou'd  mofl  willingly  cede  all 
pretenfions  to  this  corps  (fo  glaringly 
hurtful  to  the  fervice)  were  they  follicit- 
ed  to  it  by  the  commandants,  whofe 
promotion  is  greatly  retarded,  if  not 
intirely  ftopt  in  the  general  rank,  by  this 
unnatural  jumble. 

In  Juftice  to  the  marines,  no  troops 
have  diftinguiflied  themfelves  more  i  I 
have'  bad  thf  honor  nf  ferving  on  fhore 
witl^  them  at,  Belleifle,  Martinique,  and 

never 


1,1.  if 

h 


'.;ii|t 


'r:. 


lllD. 


;tir 


i! 


m 


(      2l6      ) 

never  defire  to  be  brigaded  with  better — 
In  the  MafTachufets  too,  they  dealt  de- 
flrudion  at  Bunker's-hill  in  return  for 
the  treacherous  ufage  they,  (liarcd  from 
the  rebels  gt  Lexipgton-^I  would  re- 
commend this  body,  either  to  be  formed 
into  ten  battalions,  or  loo  coinpanies; 
which  ever  government  think  ffitteft  for 
the  real  advantage  of  the  nation,  :and  to 
be  in  every  refped:  qn  the  fame  footing 
with  his  majefty's  marching  regiments 
of  infantry — Let  us  fuppofe  (by  way  of 
fEConomy  to  a  nation)  an  army  in  the  field 
of  twenty  thoufand  men  proportioned  in 
the  general  method— (viz.) 

Infantryi  ^bpvc  |    or     r       15,167 
,,;      Cavalry  j    or     ^         4,000 

:    *  Artillery  ti   or     * .    :       833 

i:  .  .  •    t>  4>v  .*    t."«.$b,00O 


Befides  engineers,  commiflTaries,  hofpi- 
tals,  bakers,  waggoners,  guides^  Bat* 
men,  &.c.  &c.  :  ::  c  '   hj 

^0,000  infantry  on  Englifh  pay  1 
at  JT.  1 8  per  man,  fer  annum^  >36.o,OQa 
officers  included — •  J    i  .■  r:' :; 

But  4Q00  cavalry  and  833  ar-*) 
tillery  at  £,  j6  per  mian,'^fr  (173,988 

whidi 


annum^  will  amount  to^ 


*  Bat  7'^  of  this  corps  will  he  foqnd  nece/H^r^  iv( 

WAT. 


(     217     ) 

r 

which  is  not  much  (hort  of  half  the  charge 
for  20,ooQ  foot — And  for  cxtraordinaries 
of  an  adtive  campaign,  it  will  be  good 
management  if  they  do  not  exceed  the 
perfonal  pay  of  the  army.  The  general 
(whatever  the  fubfiftence  of  his  infantry, 
cavalry,  and  artillery  comes  to)  always 
demands  as  much  more  for  the  operations 
pf  the  field  :  And  although  the  perfonal 
pay  be  double  in  fome  nations,  to  what 
it  is  in  others,  yet  this  is  the  invariable 
rule.  The  ftate  therefore,  that  gives  the 
highejft  ftipend,  always  exceeds  in  extra-* 
ordinary  cxpences  of  war. 

By  the  above  calculation,  forty  thou-^ 
faod  foot,  exclufive  of  the  reft  of  the 
troops  now  I'erving  againft  the  rebel  co-* 
lonies  will  ftand  government  in  only,  one 
million,  four  hundred  and  forty  thou- 
fand  pounda  annually,  and  the  republi- 
Qgns  in  a  great  deal  more,  from  the  fatal 
coi^fequenccs  that  muft  attend  their 
fruitlefs  oppofition.  How  long  they  can 
pay,  feed,  cloath  and  lodge  rabble  mul-^ 
titude§  of  72,000  (their  boafted  number) 
9t  that  rate,  time  muft  devclope  ! 


i' 


ii 


INVALIDS. 


(     2i8     ) 


INVALIDS. 

THESE  (hou'd  I  comfortable  re- 
treats  of  eafe  fot  -ged  and  difablcd 
officers  and  foldiers  in  the  warmeft  cli- 
mates of  our  fcttlements,  for  reafons 
before  alledgcd  ^  totally  compofed  of  in- 
dependent companies  of  one  commander, 
four  fubalterns,  four  fcrjeants,  four  cor- 
porals, two  drummers  and  an  hundred 
privates ;  continually  kept  compleat  that 
fewer  might  do,  which  is  ceconomy  J 
There  is  no  occafion  to  fix  2l  certain 
number  of  thefe  corps,  let  it  fludluate 
according  to  exigency  :  for  if  an  officer 
dies,  there  is  no  neceffity  of  filling  up 
the  vacancy,  as  we  are  to  fuppofe  every 
proper  object  to  be  placed  at  nrft  fetting 
out  i  and  if  all  the  officers  of  a  company 
die,  incorporate  the  men  info  others. 
Perhaps '  fomebody  will  obferve  here, 
that  in  a  long  peace  the  whole  efta-' 
bliffiment  might  expire  !  The  ftate 
wou'd  be  a  confiderable  faver,  who 
need  not  create  any  more  'till  a  future 
war  might  make  it  expedient!  It 
being  not  the  utility,  but  the  pro- 
viding for  thefe  noble  veterans  thai 
renders  fuch  an   arrangement  abfo-* 

«•  lutely 


<( 


4€ 


it 


*4 


€t 


ti 


if 
4f 


(   ^^9     ) 

*f  lately  neceflary  from  national  grati- 
**  tude  to  their  fervices  ;  And  they 
'*  might  be  ftyled,  ift,  2d,  3d,  com- 
**  pany,  6cc.  of  honorable  Independent 
«'  Invalids,  with  an  order  of  Merit  at- 
*'  tached  nigh  to  the  heart,  with  this 
^'  motto — Senefcit  Honor e  \ 

Having  difcufTed  thefe  different  con* 
ftitations,  I  muft  obferve,  that  if  fomo 
are  difmounted  by  the  propofed  altf^ra- 
tions,  ample  provifion  is  made  for  many 
more;  and  (laall  now  finifh  with  a  few 
reafonable  animadverfions  pn  Qur  prcfcnt 
pofture  of  affairs-^ 

In  all  conquered  countries,  no  govern- 
ment can  anfwer  equal  to  a  military  one*; 
and  none  is  fo  juft  when  an  equitable 
chief  commands.  But  in  America,  fo 
greatly  diftant  from  us,  'tis  trebly  necef-* 
fary,  witnefs  the  difficulty,  flownefs  and 
expence  of  getting  and  tranfporiing  men 
and  horfes  hither  on  a  late  emergency  I 
the  incroachments  and  devaflations  made 
by  the  rebels  on  the  king's  territorities 
and  well  afFedted  fubjedls  during  this 
(:hafm  of  doing  nothing,  with  an  hun-» 

dred 


(( 


•  X"*  ^""^t  quae  evertunt  rempublicam  ;    •'  imma" 
<'  turum  fo^filiumj  froprium  commodum  U  occultum  odium," 


1'     I 


(      220      ) 

dred  advantages  to  the  mal-contcnts, 
and  a  thoufand  difadvantagcs  on  our  fide, 
ncedlefs  to  enumerate  !  The  want  of 
power  in  civil  governors  to  apprehend 
fufpeded  perfons,  feize  trcafonable  pa- 
pers, quell  tumults  and  difperfe  feditiou^ 
meetings,  when  a  ftate  is  in  danger,  is  d 
moil:  ridiculous  form  of  adminiltration. 
Had  fuch  authority  been  lodged  with  the 
chiefs  of  Provinces  four  years  ago,  no 
civil  war  durft  ever  have  (hewed  it's 
furious  head  !  Happy  if  we,  from  feeing 
our  errors  now,  take  the  proper  precau- 
tions to  prevent  the  like  in  future.  What 
country  fox-hunter  wou'd  not  hang  a 
mad  hound  left  he  bite  the  whole  pack  ? 
Or  what  farmer  does  not  kill  a  fcabby 
flieep  to  fave  his  flock  ? 

^itTo  conclude  }  build  domineering  ci- 
tadels on  the  fitteft  eminences,  never  ta 
contain  lefs  than  a  regiment  of  foot  and  a 
company  of  artillery,  to  command  every 
capital  town,  not  to  opprefs  but  protedt 
the  inhabitants.  For  inftance.  One  on 
Dorchefter  point  oppofite  the  windmill 
on  the  neck  5  one  on  Noddle  ifland ;  one 
on  Fort-hill  ;  one  on  Bacon-hill  5  one 
at  Roxhury  church  ;  one  on  mount  Pif- 
gah,  6cc.  &;c.  for  the  fccurity  of  Bofton 

(whicb 


(    a2J    ) 

(which  in  It's  prcfcnt  fituatlon  is  eafier 
taken  than  held^  with  a  couple  of  regi- 
ments more  in  the  neighbourhood,  woa'd 
at  all  times  hinder  a  few  from  feducing 
the  whole  into  rebellion,  if  your  gover- 
nors (all  whom  I  hope  to  fee  military) 
have  power  on  the  fpot,  and  are  not  to 
wait  'till  they  report  to  and  receive  direc- 
tions from  England  what  to  do  !  I  am 
aftonifhcd  our  No]tAo0»iT»)r  have  forgot  of 
what  importance  it  is  in  a  flate^ 

Far  cere  fuhjeSiis^  et  debellare  fupcrbos  ! 

For  depend  upon't,  though  matters  may 
be  compromifed  for  the  prcfcnt,  they 
won't  lafl:  long  fo,  but  break  out  again 
with  double  fury  !  No  natiop  can  fubfift 
without  fabordination ;  the  fupremc  au- 
thority {pi  what  nature  foever  it  be)  is 
requifite  to  prevent  anarchy  and  con- 
fufion.  ■  \ 


,    ! 


w. 


'( 


ii: 


hi'!. 

H    .1 


LA 


Iji 


i 


(      222      ) 

LA    PETITE    GUERRE* 

WHICH  perhaps  fome  may 
comprehend  in  a  fenfe  contrary 
to  it's  practice  and  meaning,  is  the  gar- 
rifon  of  fuch  a  fortified  town  or  towns 
in  Germany  or  France,  being  ordered  out 
for  the  amufement  of  the  emperor,  king 
or  princefs  of  the  blood,  which  the  go- 
vernor of  the  place  arranges  previous  to 
their  arrival.  The  troops  pofTefs  them- 
felves  the  evening  before  of  the  ports 
affigned  them  ;  have  particular  orders 
which  are  to  penetrate  and  which  are  to 
give  way,  to  avoid  after  difputcs,  and 
prevent  quarrels.  This  regale  is  always 
attended  with  a  thundering  train  of  ar- 
tillery, which  keeps  up  a  continual  fire 
of  powder,  anft  the  mortars,  &c.  throw 
fhells  of  pafteboard  I  The  garrifon  are 
ever  happy  on  this  occafion,  not  from 
any  expected  gratuity,  but  from  a  gloire 
to  pleafe !  Hence  arifes  the  term  of  la 
petite  guerre,  when  carried  on  in  reality, 
in  which  many  officers  and  men  (hine, 
and  are  of  the  utmoft  fervice  to  the  army, 
that  make  no  figure  at  all  on  the  grand 
theatre  of  war. 


The 


(      223      ) 

The  rebellion  now  in  America  feemS' 
to  come  under  this  head,  from  the  nature 
of  the  country,  and  cowardlinefs  of  the 
rebels,  who  delight  more  in  murdering 
from  woods,  walls  and  houfes,  than  in 
fhewing  any  genius  or  fcience  in  the  art 
military.  I  fhall  therefore  enter  largely 
into  this  fubje(5t,  and  produce  the  opi- 
nions of  the  beft  writers  and  practiti- 
oners in  it. 


iii'i 

iii':' 


A  PARTISAN  ought  at  leaft  to  have 
the  rank  of  colonel,  that  the  commander 
in  chief  may  be  able  to  truft  him  with 
his  moil  fecret  affairs,  and  confult  him 
on  any  occaiion  ;  his  conduct  and  adions 
•{hou*d  be  well  known  :  A*ier  a  campaiga 
the  general  will  be  able  to  judge  of  his 
capacity  from  what  he  has  done. 

'  His  merit  being  known  and  approved, 
he  ought  to  have  Carte  blanche  during 
the  war,  that  he  may  not  let  flip  any 
opportunity,  of  being  ui'eful,  which  pre- 
fents  itfelf ;  by  this  means  he  can  do  a 
great  deal,  and  obtain  confiderable  ad- 
vantages, that  wou'd  often  be  loft  were 
he  to  wait  for  orders  from  his  fuperiors. 
He  fhou'd  have  under  his  command  a 
body  of  looo  huflars,  500  light  infan- 
try. 


I ' 


ittiiii 


(     224     ) 

try,  for  which  corps  he  Is  anfwerable 
upon  every  occafion  ;  furnilh  himfelf 
with  all  neceflaries  for  this  party  as 
horfcs,  arms,  cloathing,  &c.  according 
to  his  agreement  with  the  miniftry, 
thereby  to  prevent  the  captains  and  other 
officers  from  being  accountable  for  acci- 
dents and  lofles  during  the  campaign. 

One  of  the  moft  eflential  duties  of  a 
leader  of  ihis  kind,  is  to  have  the  moft 
perfedt  kv  owledgc  of  the  country  which 
forms  the  theatre  of  adtion,  as  well  as  the 
moft:  exadl  plans  of  it ;  he  ought  alfo  to 
underft:and  fortification  and  artillery,  that 
when  he  has  any  enterprize  to  attempt 
rgainft  an  enemy,  either  in  towns  or 
fortified  places,  he  may  not  expofc  his 
men  mal  a  propos,  but  regulate  his  march 
in  fuch  a  manner,  as  to  fufFer  as  little 
as  pofliblc  from  their  cannon. 

He  (hou'd  be  a  man  of  diftinguifhed 
merit,  but  above  all  not  addi&ed  to 
wine*  !  left:  the  adverfary  take  advantage 
of  it,  which  will  expofe  him  to  a  thou- 
fand  difagreeable  inconveniencies  !  A 
vigilant  enemy  never  lets  flip  any  occafion 
that  offers  of  over- reaching  his  antago- 

nift:; 

*  Nullum  fecrctum  efl  ubi  habitat  ebrietas ! 


t 


(     225     ) 

nlft;  and  the  partisan,  whofe  duty  is  to 
fccure  the  army  from  being  furprized, 
will  himfelf  fall  a  vidtim»  and  become 
prifoner  with  his  corps,  if  he  be  giv^n 
to  this  vice.    I  can  cite  the  following 
example  !  "  I  was  informed  by  my  fpies 
*'  (fays  the  author)  that  a  detachment  of 
•*  the  enemy  commanded  by  an  officer 
•*  who  loved  liquor,  was  to  pafs  the  fol- 
**  lowing   night  in  the  neighbourhood 
•*  where  I  then  was  ;  I  had  nothing  more 
^*  at  heart  than  immediately  to  fend  a 
«*  futler  with  a  few  barrels  of  wines  ; 
**  fcarce  was  he  got  thither  before  he  was 
**  feized  by  my  antagonill's  divifion,  who 
**  immediately  began  to  get  drunk.  This 
<*  ftratagem  fucceeded  fo  well,  that  I 
*«  fell  upon  and  fuirounded  the  officer 
'*  and  his  party,  and  made  the  whole 
prifoners :  therefore  one  can't  be  too 
much  upon  their  guard  in  fimilar  cafes» 
and  diflruft  the  female  fex  in  general, 
but  particularly  women  that  one  meets 
*♦  witn  on  excurfions  of  this  nature  j 
as  a  cunning  enemy,  knowing  thefe 
weaknefTes  will  not  fail  making  ufe  of 
*^  fuch   pra^iceSy    if  he  can   find   no 
"  other," 


'     CMt 


« 


«« 


«< 


« 


«c 


« 


Q. 


AvARICil 


n^ 


!:'!'. 


V\\ 


(     426      ) 

Avarice  is  another  great  obftaclc  to 
a  partizan,  becaufe,  he  will  fuffer  him- 
felf  to  be  corrupted  by  force  of  money ; 
if  fo  he  lofes  all  title  to  the  name  of  a 
good  officer,  therefore  all  booty  is  to 
be  juftly  divided  among  the  people 
under  his  command,  which  will  fccure 
their  attachment  and  zeal,  as  by  this 
mark  of  his  juftice  they  will  ever  after 
rely  on  him. 

A  PARTIZAN  never  fufFers  himfelf  to 
be  attacked,  but  makes  it  a  general  rule 
to  be  beforehand  with  an  enemy;  becaufe 
the  firfl  onfet  prudently  conduded  has 
every  imaginable  hope  of  fuccefs  ;  but 
before  he  aflaults,  both  officers  and  fol- 
diers  are  to  be  made  acquainted  with  the 
nature  of  the  adventure,  and  to  have 
explained  to  them  the  different  ru/es  de 
guerre  that  may  be  oppofed  to  theirs, 
that  thereby  each  individual  in  the  adtion 
may  command  himfelf  according  as  he 
obferves  the  motions  of  his  adverfary : 
further,  it  muft  be  pointed  out  where  to 
rally,  and  fliewn  where  to  retreat  to, 
that  if  by  accident  the  corps  fhou'd  be 
repulfed  and  feparated,  they  may  rejoin 
more  eafily,  by  having  a  fixed  point-— 

but 


(      2*7      ) 

but  a  body  of  this  foi  t  fhou*d  alway  keep 
together  and  never  dilband* 

A  CONDUCTOR  of  thcfc  flying  parties 
(hou'd  never  let  them  dine  v^rhere  they 
breakfafted  ;  or  fup  where  they  dined  ^ 
neither  fhou'd  they  reft  where  they  Tup- 
ped, whether  it  be  near  their  own  army, 
or  in  the  adverfary*s  country  :  This  will 
effedually  deceive  the  enemy,  and  pre- 
vent all  manner  of  furprize.  When  he 
beats  up  the  antagonift's  camp,  let  him 
pafs  by  the  firft  he  meets  with,  efpecially 
if  his  deiign  be  to  carry  oif  the  general, 
horfes,  or  any  other  ftroke  he  has  pre- 
meditated ;  being  arrived  at  the  fpot,  he 
Ihou'd  flay  no  longer  than  is  neceflary 
for  the  execution  of  his  coup^  by  which 
he  will  be  fure  not  to  have  his  retreat 
interrupted. 

I  ESTEEM  myfelf  happy  in  the  oppor- 
tunity of  recounting  that  inimitable  gal- 
lant coup  de  main  (or  more  properly  coup 
de  tete)  of  lieutenant  colonel  Harcourt's 
carrying  off  lieutenant  colonel  Lee,  a 
general  in  the  rebel  army*  Our  Englifh 
hero  being  on  the  qui  vive  in  the  Jerfies, 
with  about  eight  and  twenty  dragoons, 
in  order  to  reconnoitre  the  difpofition  of 

0^2  a  body 


m 


-  !■ 


■ili 


(       228       ) 

a  body  of  rebels,  intercepted  a  couricir 
from  Lee  to  Wafliington.  With  a  quick- 
nefs  and  addrefs  that  diftinguifh  natural 
and  acquired  talents,  Harcourt  informs 
himfelf  of  every  thing  neceffary,  and 
immediately  gallops  00*,  furrounds  and 
aiTaults  on  all  fides  the  quarters  of  Mr. 
Lee,  who,  with  his  people  (in  vain 
jtiaking  a  (hew  of  redftance)  are  hurried 
away  with  the  fame  rapidity,  and  made 
prifoners.  This  ftfoke  is  the  more  ad- 
mirable when  we  know  it  was  executed 
in  full  day  light,  and  at  a  time  when 
Lee  was  within  a  few  hundred  paces  of 
two  thoufand  men,  whom  he  commanded 
againft  his  king  and  country  !  The  rebel 
generals  have  not  fince  ventured  to  lodge 
themfelves  beyond  their  advanced  Sen-i^ 
iries,  hni  prudently  take  poft  behind  them^ 

• 

If  his  detachment  hath  pillaged  with- 
out orders,  and  the  fufFering  inhabitants 
complain  to  him,  he  fliou'd  pay  them 
generoufly :  As  it  will  not  be  in  his 
power  to  hinder  thefe  cxcelTes  (like 
the  grand  army  J  it  is  more  prudent  to 
aifed:  an  ignorance  of  them,  rather  than 
be  under  the  neceflity  of  pKinifhing  with 
feverity ;  by  fo  doing,  both  fides  will  be 
fetisfied,  and  he  iiever  expofed  to  the 

"      .  want 


Wanj 
or  c( 
fogt 
that! 


(      229      ) 

Want  of  provifions  or  forage  for  himfelf 
or  corps.    This  generous  behaviour  will 
fo  gain  the  hearts  of  the  country  people, 
that  they  will  rather  furnifh  him  than 
iahy  other :  but  he  ought  to  lay  it  down 
as  an  invariable  maxim  to  buy  the  pro- 
vifions for  himfelf  and  corps,  and  to  pay 
ready  money,  or  good  bills  of  exchange 
(not  continental  ones)  when  far  from  his 
army  in  the  enemy's  country,  or  behind 
theirs — Thefe   expences  may  be  eafily 
made  up  by  the  prizes,  which  (liou'd 
always  be  fent  to  the  fame  market  to  be 
publickly  fold,  in  order  to -remove   all 
fufpicion  from  his  people  of  private  in- 
tereft  or  partiality,  and  then  divide  the 
whole  with  them.     It  (hou'd  be  alfo  a 
general  rule  every  time  he  halts  to  pro- 
vide provifions  for  the  next  quarter,  left 
none  are  to  be  found  at  it ;  by  this  pre- 
caution he  prevents  the  route  from  being 
difcoyered,  and  his  people   from  being 
betrayed  ;  he  ought  likewife  to  renew 
his  fuftenance  from  the   neighbouring 
villages   before  he  departs ;    and  never 
fail  purfuing  this  method  every  tirtie  he 
changes  fituation.    He  (hou'd  ever  re- 
member  not  to  flop  in   any  townlhip 
longer  than  is  neceffary  for  his  halt,  and 
procuring  frefh  meat  fufficient  for  two 

0^3      <  meals 


'1 


■ii'vl 


.i''.'i 


■M 


-m 


km 


(  230   ) 

meals  if  pradicablc  j  always  inCamping 
in  woods  and  bufhes  for  the  better  con- 
cealing his  ftrength  and  marches ;  fo  as 
to  be  entirely  free  and  in  fafety,  other- 
wife  he  might  perhaps  be  expofed  tp 
fgperior  force,  and  unable  to  defend 
himfelf  or  retire. 

As  ibon  as  you  arrive  in  the  evening 
at  ^^e  olace  intended  to  pafs  the  night, 
imi  idiasly  dig  an  hole  of  about  two 
feet  deep  next  the  enemy,  efpecially  if 
it  be  furrounded  by  plains,  to  liflen  and 
difcover  if  there  be  any  troops  in  motion 
in  his  vicinity  5  fix  centinels  at  the  above 
hole  to  watch  and  make  thefe  obfcrva* 
tions  'till  the  inftant  pf  your  departure, 
to  prevent  furprize ! 

A  CLEVER  and  compleat  leader  of 
this  kind  {hou'd  be  mafter  of  feveral  Ian-* 
guages,  chiefly  that  of  the  country  wher^ 
the  war  is,  fo  as  to  ufe  it  properly  for 
deceiving  the  country  people ;  and  which 
may  be  done  fometimes  by  cloathing  his 
troops  with  the  uniforms  of  the  adver- 
fary^— He  fhou*d  be  his  own  fpy  in  every 
delicate  affair,  and  in  great  enterprizes, 
thereby  enabling  himfelf  to  form  his  plan 
with  more  precifion,  and  fqrprizing  th^ 

enemy 


{     231      ) 

enemy  by  means  entirely  unknown  to 
them  ;  for  fuch  a  perfedt  knowledge  of 
the  nature  of  the  ground,  the  portion 
of  the  antagonift,  the  place  of  attack, 
and  retreat,  cannot  fail  of  meeting  with 
good  fuccefs.  Prince  Eugene,  the  prince 
of  HilbourghaufTen  and  many  other  fa- 
mous partizans  furnifli  examples  enough 
of  what  is  here  advanced  ;  they  having 
often  hazarded  their  pcrfons  before  an 
attack,  to  reconnoitre  with  their  own  eyes 
the  fituation  of  the  terrein  fo  as  to  ob- 
viate every  impediment  that  might  ob- 
&X)iOi  the  obje&  of  their  wifhes. 

A  Mentzell  fhou'd  never  begin  a 
march,  or  make  any  detachment  in  the 
day-time  unlefs  it  be  abfolutely  requ.  .ite, 
avoiding  plains,  but  not  lofing  a  (Iroke, 
if  necelfitated  to  take  fuch  an  imprudent 
expedition :  This  ought  punctually  to 
be  obferved  in  aa  en/emy's  country,  where 
the  inhabitants  are  always  to  be  looked 
upon  as  fo  many  fpies  !  it  will  depend 
upon  his  condudt  to  draw  them  over  to 
his  intereft,  in  which  he  will  not  fail  ta 
fucceed,  if  he  pays  well  ajs  befpreoienn 
Uoncd, 


liWff'" 


'»^  "A 


'♦i' 


If 


(      232      ) 

Ir  the  commander  of  thcfe  irregular! 
is  to  be  regarded  as  the  helm  of  an  army, 
dnd  its  operations ;  fpies  are  to  be  looked 
upon  as  his  fteerfmen  :  The  fafety  of 
tlic  line  frequently  depends  on  the  cxadt» 
nefs,  vigilance  and  fidelity  of  a  fpy  !  the 
deftrudtion  of  it,  if  he  be  deficient  in 
any  one  of  thcfe  three  pundtilios ;  he 
may  caufe  alfo  the  ruin  of  both  armies 
by  betraying  them  to  each  other,  which 
often  happens  I  yet  neverthelefs  in  time 
of  war,  they  are  indifpenfible  people, 
arid  it  is  ncedlefs  to  profecute  it  without 
them  !  the  means  of  getting  fpies  arc 
various  !  fome  will  ferve  through  zeal 
io  their  fovereignsi  others  from  revenge! 
but  the  generality  have  only  views  of 
intereft  !  to  keep  them  fteady  and  faith-* 
ful  depends  *  upon  the  uprightnefs  and 
reditude  df  the  employer.  With  thefc 
two  qualities,  he  will  avoid  every  difa* 
gn  able  difafter  that  can  probably  fall 
out. 


ini 


I  HAVE  before  faid,  that  a  partisan 
fhou*d  be  his  own  fpy  in  matters  of  mo-» 
ment;  particularly  if  he  undertakes  to 
forcfc  his  way  through  a  camp,  or  corpi 
4e  referve ;  or  to  beat  up  a  detachment 
incamped  5  or  in  paffing  a  river,  or  feiz- 

ing 


(    233    ) 

ing  a  fortified  port  :  if  in  fuch  expcJi* 
tions  as  thefe,  a  common  intelligencer 
was  only  to  be  made  ufc  of,  there  wou'd 
be  great  rifle  of  the  event ;  becaufc  fuch 
a  fellow  is  very  fcldom  converfant  enough 
to  know  every  thing  that  pafles  with  thtt 
enemy,  fo  as  to  dircdt  operations  with 
certainty ;  for  a  fpy  is  not  fuppofed  to 
have  either  the  education,  penetration 
or  experience  of  his  employer  :  the  lat- 
ter therefore  having  ocular  demonftration 
of  the  fituation  of  the  ground,  may  take 
advantage  of  a  thoufand  things,  which 
never  cou'd  enter  into  the  head  of  the 
fcout ! 

«  This  ranger  (hou'd  alfo  be  charged 
not  only  with  his  own  fpies,  but  thofe  of 
the  army  ;  he  ought  to  engage  them  two 
months  at  leaf):  before  the  campaign 
opens,  and  negle(^  no  means  of  forming 
connexions  in  the  adverfaries  country,  ia 
order  to  procure  every  neceflary  corref- 
pondence  for  his  future  operations  :  he 
fhou*d  communicate  with  trufty  people,- 
and  fecure  them  at  all  events ;  endeavour 
to  coax  into  his  fervice  young  men  of 
the  oppofite  fadtion,  either  as  officers  or 
foldiers  ;  and  afterwards  by  prefents  gain 
them  to  inform,  by  their  acc[uaintances, 

of 


!  1   '"V. 


(  234  ) 

of  every  thing  going  on  in  the  adverfa* 
rics  towns,  or  villages,  by  promifing 
confiderablc  advantages  to  them  and  their 
families,  if  they  lend  their  afliflances  to 
fuch  and  fuch  fchemes,  and  give  exadt 
accounts  of  what  pafTes  with  the  eneniy  : 
thefe  young  men  fliou'd  be  confidered  as 
a  fure  channel  of  daily  knowing  the  mod 
trifling  occurrences ;  they  {hou'd  there- 
fore be  paid  mod  liberally  and  employed 
nioft  advantageoufly  for  the  fervice.  This 
article  is  the  fpring  of  all  ftratagems  and 
jr<phemes  that  a  partizan  ihou'd  make  ufQ 
gf  op  any  occafion. 

Although  it  is  faid  before  that 
women  in  general  Ought  to  be  ipiftrufted, 
yet  in  time  of  war,  they  may  be  very 
ierviceable  on  certain  occafions,  and  aflift 
by  their  clevernefs  in  bringing  plans  to 
bear :  fo  that  an  able  partizan  will  take 
great  care  in  the  journey  he  ought  to 
make  two  or  three  months  before  the 
opening  of  the  campaign  (in  order  to 
reconnoitre  the  theatre  of  war)  not  to 
forget  giving  the  neceflary  inftrudti- 
ons  to  all  his  correfpondents,  in  what 
ipanner  the  ladies  may  be  ufeful  in  pe- 
i>etrating  into  fuch  fecrets  as  he  may 
want  to  know  himfelf,  or  for  his  genQ« 

ral,' 


(    235    ) 

ral.  In  this  tour,  he  (hou'd  put  hia 
friends  in  the  way  to  fcrvc  him  effectu- 
ally, by  their  endeavouring  to  unmafk 
female  batteries  againd  the  enemies  flaff 
officers,  and  aides-de-camp,  who  arc 
charged  with  the  detail ;  and  even  to 
the  chief  magiftrates,  who  generally  re- 
ceive the  firft  orders  for  furnifl^iog  de- 
tachments with  horfes,  oxen,  carts, 
guides,  provifions,  &c.  for  the  convoys, 
either  for  the  army  or  fome  town.  By 
thefc  arts,  if  informations  come  a  prophs^ 
the  advcrfary  can  never  fend  from  one 
quarter  to  another  the  lead  baggage 
without  rifk  of  it's  being  attacked  or 
taken. 


A  COLONEL  commandant  fhou'd  ever 
keep  fpies  in  the  enemy's  army;  and 
endeavour,  if  poflible  to  bribe  fome 
officers  in  it,  with  a  view  of  obtaining 
the  daily  orders  given  at  head  quarters 
to  the  feveral  regiments  or  detachments 
for  fuch  and  fuch  expeditions  i  and  at- 
tempt to  feduce  the  fervants  of  generalai 
flaff  officers,  &c.  The  townfmen  that 
may  be  engaged  in  his  fervice  can  only 
infofi  1  from  common  report  j  as  having 
heard  of,  or  perhaps  feen  a  body  of 
foot,  hoife  and  artillery  in  motion  -,  their 

confined 


1  WM 


a'  J 


(  236  ) 

confined  Ideas  feldom  produce  any  certain 
accounts  of  the  different  ijtuations  of 
the  country,  &c.  he  therefore  ihou'd 
make  no  farther  ufc  of  thefe  people  than 
to  carry  letters  and  ferve  him  as  guides ; 
he  may  fend  over  to  the  adverfary  the 
moft  trufty  of  his  corps,  under  pretence 
of  difcontent  or  defertion,  by  which 
means  he  will  be  fure  of  faithful  reports  ; 
and,  by  adling  in  this  manner,  enabled 
to  diftinguifh  the  true  from  the  falfe, 
and  to  diredt  his  operations  with  pru- 
dence. 

-  It  is  highly  necefTary  r  r  z  ranger  to 
compare  his  feveral  intelligences  upon 
the  fame  fubjedl,  to  find  out  if  his  fpies 
are  faithful ;  and  to  be  very  attentive  in 
difcovering  whether  they  are  feduced  to 
deceive  him,  and  cut  off  his  corps,  which 
hath  frequently  happened  !  This  fatal 
ftroke  can  only  be  effeded  from  the  neg- 
ligence and  inattention  of  the  com- 
mandant, by  his  too  great  confidence  in 
them  j  therefore  he  can't  be  too  much 
•  upon  his  guard  againfl  this  event,  as, 
**  La  mefiance  eft  la  mere  de  la  furete'* 
It  is  needlefs  to  mention  the  method, 
and  fort  of  writing  he  is  to  make  ufe 
of  in  letters  and  anfv/ers,  as  every  foidier 

almofl: 


ob 
A 


'*« 


». 


as. 


(     237     ) 

almoft  Is  convcrfant  enough  on  this  Tub* 
jedt ;  but  the  greateft  caution  is  to  be 
obferved  in  what  he  commits  to  paper. 
A  particular  number  or  iign  to  be  agreed 
upon  in  order  to  know  if  a  letter  got 
fafe  to  hand,  was  intercepted  or  loft. 
There  are  various  ways  of  writing  fo  as 
not  to  be  decyphered  but  by  the  perfons 
concerned ;  and  a  partizan  fliou'd  exer- 
cife  his  genius  upon  thefe  different  kinds, 
fo  as  not  to  hold  literary  correfpondence 
alike  with  any  of  his  emiflaries,  the  bet- 
ter to  conceal  from  each  other  their 
being  employed  upon  the  fame  fervice. 

When  a  commander  in  chief  wants 
quick  intelligence  from  this  petite  guerre 
party,  the  foHowing  method  may  anfwcr 
bis  wiihes }  Take  a  pigeon  from  a  dove- 
coat  neareft  head  quarters ;  or  in  fum- 
mei  a  fwallow  that  has  yoi^ng  ones- 
fend  either  by  exprefs  to  the  partizan, 
who,  on  reception  of  the  bird,  writes 
his  report  as  concifely  as  poflible ;  ties  it 
to  one  of  the  legs,  lets  the  winged  mef- 
fenger  fly  immediately j*  and  natural  in-* 
flindt  will  reconduct  the  animal  to  the 
place  where  Ihe  firft  was  taken  from  ! 
This  is  the  ipcedieft  manner  bf  obtaining 

information^ 


Wp  III 


if(i. 


":^ 


'#.. 


* 


(    238    ) 

iiiformation,  of  which  re-iteratcd  expe- 
rience is  a  convincing  proof ! 


n 


.(■  •>! 


1^*  * 


It  is  of  confequence  that  a  condudlor 
of  irregulars  (hou'd  have  leave  to  make  a 
tour  (under  a  feigned  name)  round  the 
intended  fcene  of  adtion,  the  winter  pre- 
ceding the  campaign,  to  gain  every  pof- 
fible  knowledge  of  the  country,  fortified 
and  unfortified  towns,  their  ftrongefland 
weakefl  parts  both  without  and  within, 
villages,  chateaus,  roads,  plains,  forefls, 
paths,  hollow-ways,  defiles,  mountains, 
rivers  with  their  depths,  rivulets,  ponds, 
and  in  (hort  every  thing  that  may  be 
favorable,  or  difadvantageous  to  his  fu- 
ture operations.  Being  perfectly  mailer 
of  thefe  necejj'aria,  his  Ichemes^  whether 
offenfive  or  defenfive,  will  be  executed 
with  greater  eafe,  fafety  and  fuccefs.  In 
ihis  journey,  he  might  infinuate  himfelf 
as  a  traveller  to  the  aobility  or  hour- 
geoiiie  -,  particularly  widi  thofc  who  wifh 
well  to  his  fovereign^  either  from  motives 
of  inclination  or  interefl:  ^  and  perhaps 
jcngage  them  to  become  his  correfpond- 
ents,  by  promifing  every  fuitable  return 
for  their  fer vices  :  thefe  new  friends  will 
inilrudt  him  of  the  rich  in  money  as  well 


cxpe- 


ludor 
lake  a 
id  the 
r  pre- 

rtified 

sftand 

rithin, 

brefts, 

itains, 

ponds, 

I  ay  be 

lis  fu- 

mafter 

hether 

ecuted 

fs.    In 

limfelf 

bour- 
10  wiih 
actives 
lerhaps 
fpond- 

return 

ds  will 

as  well 

as 


(     239     ) 

as  corn  and  forage,  thereby  pointing  out 
fo  many  florehoufcs  in  cafe  of  need. 

As  foon  as  our  traveller  has  eftabllfhed 
a  thorough  correfpondence,  he  fhou'd 
fettle  the  means  in  which  it  ought  to 
operate  to  his  purpofe ;  particularly  thofe 
of  having  the  earlieft  notices  of  the  leaft 
movements  of  the  enemy,  which  will 
afford  him  occalion  to  harrafs  every  ex- 
pedition of  his  opponent.  Thefe  trufty 
friends  fhou'd  be  moft  careful  in  acquaint- 
ing him  of  all  convoys  of  ammunition 
and  provifion  fent  by  the  adverfary  after 
lofing  a  battle ;  or  to  an  army  belieging 
a  town,  becaufe  the  fafety  or  lofs  of  the 
place  often  depends  upon  it  :  the  lafl 
war  furnifhes  an  authentic  proof,  when 
general  Laudon  cut  off  entirely  the  king 
of  Pruffia's  great  convoy  defined  for  the 
fiege  of  Olmutz,  which  forced  that 
monarch  to  raife  it,  and  deprived  him  of 
the  glory  of  marching  to  Vienna !  Our 
petit  guerrier  fhould  make  the  beft  plans 
he  can  of  uW  places  he  vifits,  keep  a  copy 
for  himlelf,  fend  one  to  the  minillry  and 
another  to  the  general  who  is  to  com- 
mand the  army,  that  they  may  be  in- 
formed with  precifion  of  the  fituation 
#f  the  whole  J  he  ought  like  wife  to 
«  communicate 


IV." 


^ 


s>  < 


'1  i'i' 


M- 


(        240       ) 

communicate  to  them  his  fcvoral  co^ref- 
pondences,  with  the  number  and  ni'tiirs 
of  his  fpies,  that  meafures  may  hz  f^.ketn 
accordingly. 

As  foon  as  war  is  declared,  and  the 
commander  in  chief  has  received  orders 
to  commence  hoftilities,  it  is  abfolutely 
requifite  to  fend  for  his  partisan  to  confer 
with  upon  their  future  operations ;  elfe 
it  will  be  difficult  for  the  latter  at  a  mo- 
ment's warning  to  execute  to  the  chief's 
fatisfa^ion  what  may  be  expedient.  To 
this  end,  the  general  will  let  him  into 
his  defigns,  that  every  ftep  may  be  taken 
to  infure  the  fuccefs  of  his  expeditions.) 

Whenever  the  grand  army  takes  the 
field,  the  partizan's  corps  is  to  be  upon 
the  qui  vive  to  harafs  and  ruin  (if  prac- 
ticable) the  enemy's  troops  on  leaving 
their  quarters ;  diftrcfs  them  by  conti- 
nual alertes,  by  w^"  of  gaining  time  for 
his  own  general  tc^  llrm  his  camp  :  and 
being  fully  inftruded  by  his  fcouts  of 
the  places  where  the  adverfary  s  maga- 
zines are,  or  of  the  day  the  convoy  of 
provilions  and  forage  is  to  be  efcorted  to 
their  army,  then  it  is,  he  is  to  e'lert 
every  fort  of  means  to  intercept,   burn 

or 


n 


r   - 


■iilM^ 


I 


;  the 
•ders 
Jtely 
)nfer 

elfe 
mo- 
ief's 

To 
into 
aken 
ons. 


(     HI     ) 

t^r  ileilroy  it ;  as  alio  to  fet  fire  to  every 
magazine  that  is  formed  or  form^rig  <ilie  - 
where  in  the  neighbourhood  :  by  Inch  a 
ftroke  the  contending  army  is  ftopt  from 
entering  into  the  field  early,  and  his 
fovereign's  may  advance  into  their  terri- 
tories to  begin  it*s  operations  without 
rifk  of  being  difturbed.  This  is  a  maxim 
of  the  greateft  Iniportance,  from  the 
cflcntial  confequences  it  is  produdtive  of. 

A  PRUDENT  general  will  do  his  ut- 
moft  to  preferve  his  men  ;  and  not  ex- 
pofe  them  to  ufelefs  and  continual  fatigua 
in  detachments  againfl  the  antagonist's 
parties  that  may  difquiet  him  ;  but  em- 
ploy thofe  of  the  petit  gtierrier  to  fuch 
purpofes,  in  whom  he  muft  not  only 
place  an  implicit  confidence  and  truft, 
but  even  divulge  to  him  the  grand  plan 
of  operations ;  by  acquainting  him  di- 
redtly  with  any  alterations  in  the  pofition 
of  either  army  j  or  if  his  intelligence, 
or  that  of  any  other  perfon,  induces  him 
to  change  his  intentions  :  in  fadt,  what- 
ever occurrences  come  to  pafs,  the  chief 
(hou'd  lofe  no  time  in  communicating 
them  to  his  partizan,  that  he  may  prepare 
his  officers,  his  particular  duty  being  to 

R  ..  fcGura 


'■7" 


ma 


4ifc''«8'' 


';<••' 

'',ii' 


(      242      ) 

fecure   the  army  from  any  furprize  and 
unncceflary  movements.  . 

A  COMMANDER  of  irregulars,  having 
from  a  thoufand  to  1500  men  (huflars 
and  light  infantry)  when  he  underftands 
his  bufinefs,  and  has  officers  adequate  to 
this  kind  of  fervice,  is  a  match  for  any 
enterprize ;  and  will  effedually  protect 
the  army  from  every  infult  of  the  rebels ; 
of  courfe  he  muft  undergo  numberlefs 
fatigues  in  covering  the  regulars  on  all 
iides,  but  he  fhould  content  himfelf  with 
being  amply  rewarded  in  having  ferved 
his  king  and  country  !  Every  imaginable 
precaution  will  alfo  be  taken  to  hinder 
the  deflroying  of  his  general's  ftores,  as 
the  very  being  of  his  army  depends  on 
them  ;  therefore  oiie  can't  be  too  watch- 
ful, as  many  ill  atagems  may  be  fallen 
upon  to  ruin  hoards  of  forage;  I  (hall 
only  mention  one  which  has  been  prac- 
tiff  d  fuccefsfully  :  "  Having  purchafed 
**  three  cats  from  a  village  where  there 
**  was  a  magazine  of  hay,  they  were 
•'  fleeped  in  brandy  up  to  their  necks, 
•'  their  hair  fet  on  fire,  and  then  let 
*^  loofe  !"  it  is  ufual  with  thefe  beafls, 
take  a  from  any  particular  dwelling,  to 
f etura  when  at  liberty ;  but  if  in  diftrefs, 

to 


.'_i 


>:!-,l^t 


and 


ving 

I  (Tars 

lands 

ite  to 

r  any 

rotedt 

;bcls  J 

lerlefs 

on  all 

I  with 

ferved 

finable 

hinder 

•es,  as 
ids  on 
atch- 
fallen 

il  (hall 
prac- 

Ichafed 
there 
were 
1  necks, 
|en  let 
Ibeafts, 
ing,  to 
iftrefs, 
to 


(     243     ) 

to  feek  (helter  in  hay  or  ftraw :  they 
confcquently  ran  for  fafety  to  this  ma» 
gazine  of  hay  (it  being  their  nearefl  re- 
fuge) which  was  fet  on  fire  in  two  different 
places  by  two  of  thefe  animals  (the  third 
having  perifhed  on  the  way)  and  totally 
confumed  to  afhes  !  an  enterprize  of  this 
nature  is  generally  undertaken  in  the 
night,  and  at  fuch  hours  as  you  fufped: 
the  enemy  to  be  lead  in  readinefs  to  ex- 
tinguish the  flames  1 

A  RANGER  muft  inviolably  obferve  to 
keep  the  adverfary's  light  troops  at  a  dif- 
tance  from  bis  own  army,  prevent  it's 
being  fuddenly  attacked,  or  obliged  to 
iland  too  often  to  arms;  he  IhouJd  divide 
his  men  into  feveral  detachments,  put  in 
force  every  ftratagem  his  prudence  and 
invention  can  fuggeft,  create  continual 
alarms  in  the  enemy's  camp,  beat  it  up 
on  all  fides  frequently  ;  for  this  purpofe 
one  party  mull:  immediately  follow  the 
other,  and  the  commanding  officers  of 
each  should  avoid  pufhing  thefe  alertes  on 
the  fame  fide  ;  neither  are  they  to  make 
any  longer  flay  than  is  jufl  necefi^ary  to 
alarm  I 


■4 


V  '1 

1> 


I  '•" 


R  z 


-*» 


Being 


(    ^44    ) 

Being  perfcdiy  acquainted  with  the 
opponent's  camp  and  fituation  are  the 
principal  means  of  profeciiting  fuch  an 
attempt  with  fuccefs,  and  of  undertaking 
^ny  thing  more  of  greater  confequcnce, 
particularly  to  burn  the  artillery  wag- 
gons and  tents  in  as  many  places  as  poi^ 
lible  !  the  flames  will  ferve  as  a  fignal. 
If  the  partizan  be  vigilant,  and  feize^ 
every  favorable  opportunity  of  dilhefllng 
the  enemy's  army,  he  may  probably  ruin 
it  by  defertion  ;  the  year  1744  furniihes 
as  with  an  inftance  of  this  truth  :  the 
king  of  PruiTia  loft  a  Pafduwitz  in  Bo^ 
hernia  above  30,000  men  by  defertion  t 
becaufe  they  were  haraffec  light  and  day 
hy  the  troops  of  the  Auftrian  ranger. 

A  GENERAL  (bould  apprizc  the  com^ 
mandant  of  irregulars  when  he  intends 
to  change  ground  at  leaft  24  hours  before 
he  decamps,  that  tht  neceffary  fteps,  ta 
cover  the  army  on  it's  march  from  ihe 
adverfe  party's  light  corps  (efpecially 
where  woods  or  defiles  are  to  be  pafled)  may 
not  be  negledled.  His  fpies  fhould  alfo 
inform  of  the  exadt  ti«ie  the  enemy,  or 
any  part  of  his  lines,  may  be  in  motion^ 
for  this  is  the  critical  moment  to  fall 
wpoa  him  to  advantage  in  the  van,  rear 

and 


.•if  < 


,nd  day 


le  com* 
intends 
s  before 
:eps,  to 
:om  the 
'pecially 
M)ma)r 
uld  alfo 
;my,  or 
motion, 
;  to  fall 
an,  rear 
and 


(  245  ) 

and  flanks  i  to  cut  oiff  his  baggage,  &c» 
Thefe  manoeuvres  are  frequent  in  fimilar 
circumdances  and  well  underftood  by 
adepts  in  this  kind  of  fervice. 

When  the  commander  in  chief  de- 
figns  throwing  a  bridge  over  a  river,  with 
a  view  to  pafs  it,  the  partizan  (hould  be 
foiewarned  at  leaft  three  days  in  order 
to  pofTefs  himfelf  of  every  requifite  pofl, 
to  prevent  the  adverfary  to  difpute  the 
paflage,  elfe  the  army  may  be  very  much 
annoyed,  particularly  when  the  places 
(where  you  lay  your  pontoons)  are  fur- 
rounded  with  woods,  buflies,  where  an 
ambufcade  can  be  drefled  j;  or  when  vil- 
lages or  high  grounds  are  near  enough 
to  eredt  batteries  upon  j;  it  being  the 
ranger's  indifpenfible  duty  to  reconnoitre 
all  fufpicious  fituations,  to  force  from 
them  every  concealed  party,  and  to  pre- 
ferve  his  own  army  from  any  difagreeable 
event,  as  well  as  to  put  every  flratagem 
in  ufe  againft  the  enemy  in  fimilar  pofi- 
tions  or  movements,  =  that  he  is  warned 
not  to  fufter  to  be  played  upon  by  his 
friend. 

Experience  teaches  the  rufes  de 
guerre  moft  proper  in  palling  of  rivers ; 

R  3  fuch 


f  • ;: 


;si!:? ' 


(  246  ) 

fuch  as  carrying  of  the  baggage,  throw- 
ing fire  into  the  boats  j  for  it  is  at  fuch 
an  attempt  that  an  army  is  moft  expofcd 
particularly  from  irregulars,  the  leaders 
of  which  can't  be  too  attentive  on  thefe 
emergencies,  becaufe  every  foldier  is  em- 
ployed in  fome  necefl'ary  duty  :  In  the 
nudft  of  thefc  occupations  an  attack 
muft  create  a  great  deal  of  confufion  I 

The  peafants  that  have  been  gained 
over  to  his  intereft,  the  petit  guerrier 
will  employ  to  carry  the  enemy  word 
('with  the  utmojl  hurry)  of  the  different 
detachments  he  hath  ported  in  their  fe- 
veral  villages  \  what  numbers  he  has  de- 
manded, forage,  provifions,  waggons, 
&c.  for  that  the  principal  inhabitants 
are  endeavouring  to  amufe  him  *till  they 
receive  dire(!tions  in  what  manner  to  ad:, 
or  'till  he  may  be  driven  out :  Such  reports 
generally  fpread  the  alarm,  and  every 
officer  commanding  a  detachment  will 
naturally  fend  a  part  in  proportion  to  his 
flrength,  or  go  in  perfon  with  the  whole 
to  fave  the  villages ;  let  what  will  hap- 
pen, our  partizan  can't  but  draw  fome 
advantage  from  the  confequence :  he  may 
alfo  exhibit  another  flratagem,  by  writing 
fuppofed  orders  to  his  officers  to  repair  on 

a  fixed 


a 


'   I  , 


(     247    ) 

a  fixed  day  and  hour  to  fuch  a  rendez- 
vous, there  to  join  certain  corps,  and 
that  he  will  be  there  himfelf;  thefe  let- 
ters to  be  difpatched  by  knowing  hands, 
and  fuch  a  road,  that  they  may  not  fail 
of  being  intercepted  :  then  fend  ofF  other 
fcouts,.  unknown  to  the  former,  to  ex- 
plore if  the  opponent  fwallows  the  bait, 
and  marches  his  whole  corps,  or  with  a 
part  only  5  and  oneor  moreof  thefe  cmif- 
iaries  muft  return  expeditioufly  to  give 
intelligence  of  what  they  have  feen  ;  he 
ought  promptly  to  determine  what's  to 
be  done  from  the  reports,  and  by  a  fud- 
den  fallying  forth  profit  of  the  occafion 
which  favors  the  execution  of  his  pro- 
jedt.  This  does  not  mean  to  confine  the 
talents  of  a  ranger  literally  to  thefe  ma- 
noeuvres, there  are  thoufands  which  his 
genius  will  infpire  him  with  on  thefe 
extraordinary  opportunities,  for  he  (hould 
riik  every  thing  to  carry  off  the  adver-r 
fary's  provifion,  forage  or  other  nece/Ta-^ 
ries,  whether  they  come  from  diftant 
places,  or  are  furniQied  daily  by  the 
neighbouring  villages. 

Should  a  non-commifiioned  ofiiccr, 
or  foldier  defert,  who  (you  know)  caa 
give  the  enemy  intelligence  of  your  de- 

figns, 


^%^ 


'^r^.s^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  •72-4503 


4^ 


o 


^o 


U. 


m 


fignsy  write  him  a  letter,  and  dire£b  the 
^  pcrfon  that  carries  it,  to  deliver  it  to  the 
adverfaries  commanding  officer  in  confi* 
dence.  This  will  render  the  deferter's 
information  fruillefs,  erpecially  if  you 
mention,  "  that  he  muft  be  fure  to  a<ft 
**  as  concerted  between  you  and  him." 

Wo  u  L  D  you  drefs  an  ambuscade,  place 
it  near  a  river,  pond  or  rivulet,  as  men 
on  a  march  generally  flop  to  drink; 
which  will  afford  an  opportunity  of  at* 
tacking  them  in  diforder ;  for  this  reafon 
reconnoitre  fuch  fituations  well,  and  pofl: 
guards,  before  you  fufFer  your  own  peo« 
pie  to  quench  their  thirfl.  When  in 
ivant  of  water,  the  Seeing  a  willow^  or  any 
cquatic  tree  is  a  certain  fign  it  may  be  bad 
by  digging  for,  , 

i  In  marching  through  villages,  do  it 
quick  and  your  men  feemingly  much 
mixed,  in  order  to  appear  more  nuTierous 
to  the  peafant«.  Flanking  parties  are 
«bfolutely  necefTary  in  all  woody  coun* 
tries,  and  thefe  fhould  have  fmailer  ones 
on  their  flanks :  On  fome  occafions  (par-* 
ticularly  againfl  Indians)  a  rank  of  men 
fliould  be  between  them>  thus ; 

Rank 


tj 


bad 


(    249    ) 


Rank 


Rank 


^ 

M 

•> 

a 

ft: 

0 

.5  >* 
a  N 

I 

<«  0. 

<— • 

•0 

^ 

ti 

• 

♦^ 

*< 

On  a  nxarch  to  furprizc  the  cnemyv  feize 
all  people  you  meet  on  the  road ;  and 
cither  uke  them  with  you,  or  fccurc 
them. 

Whenever  the  general  hat  commu- 
nicated his  plan  to  the  commandant  of 
irregulars^  and  that  he  has  concerted 
with  him  the  exadt  time  and  place  to 
put  it  in  execution,  nearly  the  fame  ftra-* 
tagem  of  diipatching  (ham  orders  may 
be  played  over  again,  which  perhaps  will 
induce  the  enemy  to  believe  thut  he 
means  to  attack  them»  befiege  a  towo» 
or  undertake  ihme  ether  enterprize,  re- 
garding theie  letters  as  genuine,  and  at- 
tempting to  countera^b  them  !  efpecially 
if  tkey  perceive  any  movements,  or 
contr^  marches  that  tend  to  conroborat^ 
the  codotents.  The  Partifan  t)ugbt  at  the 
fame  time  to  fesud  into  the  adver&ry's 
camp  fome  truAy  ierjeaaits^  or  perfons 
be  can  coo£de  in,  to  report  to  him  what 
pafles  there  $  to  engage  them  to  fpike  up 

the 


lilull 


(      250     ) 

the  cannon,  where  the  cavalry  are  to 
charge,  and  corrupt  (if  pofliblc)  either 
by  money  or  otherwife  fome  of  the  op- 
ponents artillery  for  the  fame  purpofe  ; 
and  (hoiild  his  fpies  execute  what  has 
already  been  mentioned,  the  enemy  may 
be  forced  to  decamp,  which  will  afford 
his  general  (if  not  negle<5ted)  a  favour* 
able  and  advantageous  opportunity  of 
giving  battle.  .        ; 

As  light  troops,  and  fometlmcs  large 
detachments  lie  in  wait,  expecting  to  be 
informed  by  their  fpies  of  the  day  and 
environs  where  the  general  propofes  to 
forage,  in  order  to  intercept  and  carry 
off  the  foragers  and  their  booty,  efpeci* 
ally  when  their  efcort  is  not  ftrong,  it 
becomes  highly  noceffary  to  acquaint  the 
ranger  beforehand j  that  he  may  keep 
off  the  advcrfary's  cavalry  and  irregulars^ 
and  cover  his  own  party  from  any  acci-^ 
dents.  He  fhould  equally  engage  his  own 
fpies  to  be  as  attentive  in  difcovering  the 
time  and  place  that  the  enemy  fends  out 
foragers,  the  number  of  men  in  each 
regiment ;  alfo  the  ftrength  of  the  efcort, 
and  didance  it  goes  from  their  army. 
Having  got  this  opportune  information, 
he  is  forthwith  to  refledt  how  to  incom-j 
.  .<  mode 


dc 


(    251    ) 

mode  this  body  with  fucccfs  on  their 
return  from  foraging,  it  being  esiicr  done 
at  that  time,  than  in  their  firfl  fallying 
forth,  when  frefh  and  full  of  fpirits  : 
he  will  have  nothing  but  the  efcort  to 
deal  with,  as  the  foragers  will  be  too 
much  loaded  to  be  capable  of  any  re- 
fiflance ;  befides  the  lofs  to  the  enemy, 
the  forage  (thus  taken)  will  be  a  gain 
and  eafe  to  his  own  army. 

The />^//V^«^^rr/Vr  knowing  thediftancc 
between  the  camp  of  the  enemy's  caval- 
ry, and  the  river  or  pond  they  repair  to  foe 
watering  their  horfes,  as  alfo  the  ground 
adjacent  to  this  drinking  place,  and  the 
time  they  rendezvous  at  it,  muft  divide 
his  corps  into  feveral  fmaller  ones,  to 
try  to  cut  them  off  on  their  return  :  thefe 
are  .the  coups  th^ii  will  difl:ingui(h  his  fu- 
periorikill,  and  enrich  him  and  his  ad-, 
venturers  with  valua' '"  prizes.  Fron* 
the  above-mentioned  hints  how  circum- 
fpcft  cavalry  (hould  be  on  a  watering 
party !  particulrr  orders  (hould  be  giver» 
to  the  officers  to  examine  well  the  en- 
virons before  they  proceeed  on  this  ne- 
ceffaryduty.  i- 

A  C9up  de  main  officer  mufl:  be  well 
inilrudted,  by  his  fpies,  of  the  place 
where  the  enemy's  artillery  horfes  and 

-.  .  ,  ^       oxen 


I'lf 


1 1 


n 


(      252      ) 

oxen  graze  and  water,  in  order  to  hit  ofF 
feme  expedient  to  feize  or  dcftroy  them  ! 
if  the  fornler  cari't  be  executed,  the 
deflrudtion  will  retard  the  march,  and 
oblige  him  to  abandon  the  plan  of  ope- 
rations, by  being  incapacitated  to  make 
ufe  of  his  artillery.  If  he  has  been  fa 
fortunate  as  to  fucceed  in  fuch  an  adven- 
ture, he  m^ufl  watch  with  vigilance  to 
prevent  their  renewing  the  lofs  from  the 
neighbouring  villages. 

Having  got  fcent  of  the  quarter, 
where  the  adverfary  has  con{Vrud:ed  his 
ovens,  ihe  partizan  muft  (if  poflible) 
feduce  the  bakers  to  defert :  if  this  can't 
be  accompliihed,  try  to  carry  them  off 
by  force  or  ftratagem,  deftroying  at  the 
fame  inAant  the  bake-houfes  and  flour  ! 
a  flroke  fo  fatal  will  ndt  only  occaiioa 
defertion,  but  in  all  probability  reduce 
the  opponent  to  the  difagrecable  jicccf-* 
fity  of  breaking  up  camp.  At  this  cri- 
tical time,  keep  a  fharp  look  out  to  in- 
tercept convoys  from  all  quarters  what-^ 
focver  ;  for  fliould  -the  cnterprize  be 
crowned  with  fucccfs;  immediately  ac-^ 
quaint  the  general  with  it ;  becaufe  he 
may  have  fome  operation  on  the  anvil, 
which  fuch  a  coup  might  contribute  to 
bring  to  an  h^ppy  iffue,  / 

mv.o  '        •  The 


{  m  ) 

I  The  partisan  having  I'eccivcd  inftruc-i 
iions  relative  to  the  enemy  V  towns  that 
arc  indebted  to  his  commander,  or  that 
it  ifi  intended  to  lay  them  tinder  contri-^ 
butions,  he  is  to  inform  himfelf  of  tht 
Tcfidence  of  the  principal  nobility  and 
ficheft  inhabitants  of  thefe  cities,  and 
attempt  by  .very  means  to  get  them  into 
his  pofibflibki,  to  keep  as  hoftages  :  if  ht 
fucc^^ds,  gfeat  advantages  may  accrue, 
either  by  exadling  a  confidcrablc  ranfom^ 
or  exchanging  them  fbr  prifoners  of 
equal  coftfequence :  but  no  tirnc  to  be 
throvi^h  away  in  furprizing  the  antago- 
nift's  hofpital,  unle(l<  there  be  fomc  offi->> 
cer  of  note  among  the  fick ;  in  that  cafe, 
he  fhouid  endeavour  to  carry  him  off 
efiiy,  as  itv^ill  be  rudbing  ei  riik  to  no 
purpofc  to  attempt  the  whole,  by  enri- 
ploying  a  ftrong  force  and  large  expence 
for  carriages,  horfes,  £c6.  belides  the 
fick  and  wounded  will  be  th^rgeable  to 
maintain  where  provifioh  ^nd  other  ne-;' 
ceHaries  are  fcarce ;  and  can  be  of  M 
ufe  tb  theit  foVefeigo  :  it  would  rather 
be  rendering  the  enem^  an  important 
fervice  to  eaife  them  of  this  burthen. 

When  a  commandant  bf  rdngers  at*- 
tacks,  he  is  neither  to  give  quarter,  or 

take 


)"* 


'  ■<( 


i! 


(    254    ) 

take  prifoncrs,  unlefs  his  pet  its  guerrtens 
are  much  fuperior  to  the  adverfaries,  and 
nothing  further  is  neceflary  to  be  undcr- 
lakcn  i  pthcrwife  his  corps  volant  wili 
be  confiderably  diminifhed  by  the  nu- 
merous cfcofts.  he  muft  be  cceflitated  to 
detach  as  guards  with  the  prifoners  to  a 
place  of  fafety,  as  well  as  expoiing 
nimfclf  to  beharafled  by  purfuers,  who 
may  hope^  (in  defeating  him)  to  regain 
their  friends,  i  ;.^;,rx?5  y  I  Tjrlv? 

^.  When  the  operations  are  ji;i  the  op- 
ponents territories^  and  in  the  rear  of 
their  army,  our  commander  ;ofirregu*7 
lars  is  to  levy  contributions  and  takq 
hoftages  asbefore-nacntipnect  feizing(for 
at  lead  thirty  miles  round)  a^l  jiorfcs, 
carriages,  &c.  belonging  to  thq  vicinity, 
that  neither  may  be  employed  in  tranf- 
pprting  provifion,  forage  and  other  ne- 
ceflkries  for  their  camp :  this  will  flreigh- 
ten  them  nmchj  cfpecially  after  lofing  a 
buttle,  whjcn  they  have  mod  occafion  for 
thcfe  aids  in ;  retreating  and  carrying  off 
]what  may  be  faved  after  a  defeat !  all 
the  forage  fhquld  be  conveyed  to  camp 
by  the  fafeft,  though  round  about  roads, 
which  he  muft  never  hefiiat^  to  go  by, 
•vhen  there  is  queftion  of  fccurity :  what 

can't 


\» 


(    ^55    ) 

can't  be  moved  away,  muft  be  deftroycd 
upon  the  fpot ! 

As  there  are  feveral  ways  of  giving 
battle,  it  is  expedient  for  the  general  to 
inform  his  ranger  of  the  manner  he  pro- 
pofes  to  do  it,  and  concert  with  him  the 
mode  of  attack,  in  order  to  infure  vic-» 
tory  I  which  often  leads  to  an  advanta- 
geous peace,  and  compels  the  vanquifhed 
to  accept  of  fuch  terms  as  the  conque- 
rors are  plcafed  to  didtate  :  when  he  Is 
pcrfe<ftly  acquainted  with  the  deligns  of 
his  chief  to  bring  on  a  general  engage-* 
ment,  he  mud  acquire  with  all  fpeed  a 
perfedl  knowledge  of  the  ground  encir-^ 
cling  both  armies,  and  poil  himfclf  in  th^ 
rear,  right  or  left  of  the  antagonift,  which 
ever  is  moft  proper  for  his  whole  force 
to  ad  freely  upon.:  mio 

,  Among  the  different  methods  of  en-s* 
gaging  an  enemy,  I  Hiall  begin  with 
beating  him  up  in  hie  camp,  intrenched 
or  open ;  the  partizan,  in  order  to  faci-t 
liute  the  efforts  of  his  general,  rmii^ 
pbferve  the  plan  before  laid  down  (in 
page  249)  taking  care  to  execute  all  f '  -5 
manoeuvres  therein  mentioned,  or  any 
other,  his  invention  may  fuggcft.  If  the 
chief  lays  hold  of  the  timely  advantage 
^f  the.  difordcrs'in  the  enemy's  camp,t 

occafioned 


i^ 


I 
I 


(    256    ) 

occafioncd  by  his  irregulars,  he  will 
have  every  reafon  to  cxpcdl  vidtory  to  dc* 
clare  in  his  favor  !  he  Ihould  employ  all 
his  cavalry  at  the  commencement  of  theft 
attacks. 

If  the  general  is  inclined  to  engage 
the  enemy  on  their  march,  the  petit 
guerrier  may  have  rccourfe  to  what  it 
before  f?id,  "  relating  to  troops  in  mo- 
**  tion  i*  but  muft  be  thoroughly  in- 
formed of  the  pofition  of  their  army ; 
as  well  as  how  it  is  circumflanced  with 
fefped:  to  providon  and  ammunition  % 
what  they  have,  what  they  want,  and 
what  they  expeift  to  accumulate  by  chang- 
ing £tuation :  he  (hould  do  his  utmoft 
to  penetrate  into  their  projeds  aimed 
againfl  himfelf;  this  will  enable  tho 
chief  to  form  fome  idea  (on  their  de- 
camping) of  the  roads  they  have  taken, 
and  the  places  they  have  in  view  :  Being 
|,  re-ad vifed  of  the  day  they  are  to  begin 
their  march,  he  is  immediately  to  dif-* 
patch  intelligence  thereof  to  his  com- 
mander, that  .the  wifhed  for  opportunity 
may  not  be  mifled ;  if  the  irregulars  be 
not  fufficiently  flrong  for  the  undertaking, 
he  mud  apply  for  a  re-inforcement  be- 
fore they  flrike  their  tents  and  dividing 
bis  corps  into  different  bodies,  a£ault, 

all 


nity 
be 
ing, 
be- 

ding 
ult, 
all 


(    *57  ^ 

ftll  at  once  the  feverd  coliimni  of  the  ad* 
verfe  troops,  in  v&  %  flanks  and  rear  i  and 
endeavour  to  ftop  them  by  repeated  at« 
tacks,  'till  fuch  time  as  hisr  main  army 
can  come  up  with  and  force  them  to  a 
general  engagement :  If  they  have  rivers 
pn  die  route,  then  will  be  the  time  to 
faU  upon  them  i  and  if  any  part  of  them 
be  defeated,  the  ranger  muft  purfue  vi* 
goroufly  and  difperfe  feparately. 

.  Thb  general  being  pcrfedtly  mafter  of 
the  iituation  of  the  ground,  and  every 
circumflance  for  and  againfl  him,  muft 
not  let  flip  the  critical  minute  (if  the 
partisan  baa  been  fb  lucky  as  to  create 
confailon  in  the  enen^y,  or  to  interrupt 
his  pai&ge)  but  charge  briflcly,  which 
cannot  £ail  of  being  crowned  with 
fuocefs^'^M  J  ■  ■     .i  .  '■'     .     .  : 

I  MAVfi  already  fpoke  of  an  army,  ar-» 
riving  on  the  ground  defigncd  for  it's 
canxp>  ibeing  generally  occupied  in  pro* 
cttring  .ikroefTaries,  confequently  little 
prepared  ;for  defence,  if  attacked  fud-* 
denly ;.  a  iranger  fliould  therefore  recon-* 
npitre :  the.^  fpot  intended  for  this  new 
inksmipment,  conceal  bis  men,  and  form 
tmba&ades  in  the  neighbourhood  to 
i^iO  S  annoy 


li: 


.:1!l 


((    ?58   )) 

flhno]^  it  in. different  parts,  by  afikultiHg 
Iwith  fcvcral  fniall  bodies  .at  the  fame 
infl^nt;  explaining  to  his  general  be« 
foretrhand  thd  meditated  proved,  time 
and  place,  in  order: to. receive  quickly  all 
reqiiifitcfuppQirt';^^  the  reinforcement  fen^ 
faitiir  mufl  immiediatcly  beat  up  the-xrfdmp^ 
nfBfti  the  irrc/^uliii$  >tor:tl?row  'ft r: into  the 
greateft.dircrd/jr  ;  the  chiiaf  Jn)thie  inter 
rim,  ihoujd  arrapgc.  his  mekfures  fo^,  as 
to  arrive  opportunely  to  force  the  adver- 
fary.  to  an  •  a^Ulnn  j  it  *  is'  evidently  ta'  be 
conceived  vyfc^t  advantages  muftfoJloir 
{uokk  an  .uric<}ttal  combat  1 '  many  are  the 
mancEuvres  aind  iilrriEtt^gems  toi'bcs|ilayed 
off  in  fuch  c6nfli<ais,ftm)t  onlyrduriog) 
bpt  after  tJic  isng^gcmcnt  i  efpieciaUyifet-? 
tiftg:  firqlO  Ihcaid  qpairtors  will  afford  con- 
fickrabje  plundt  r;r/ :  to  do  thid  effedually^ 
his  corps  fhould  be  reduced  into  ]man.y 
little  detachments  to  pillage  the  routed 
on  all  lide$; !  io  o:\rr\t  '(ni'^^ln  arvAi:  I 

•>  rtS^ttt^  it  beginslto.  rarn  ^arfly^^ter 
n&id^ight,  OF  at  day-break,:  audi lilfely;  to 
cootiriuei  the  jsartiaan.fbu&jltunii  i^to 
fom^. profit,  by diehiandnig  a  few;  ((^uar^ 
ctroas  of  dragoons  to^  tide  d6wni  the.  bp«* 
p()fii)g  rai\ka#  carofUlly  avoiding^tqinidDe 
anyilong  flop,  left  thdr  ictrcat  be  >cul 

a  off. 


.'f 


rftftCff 

iltto 

icul 

off. 


(    ^S9    ) 

off,,  whichmuft  be  fettled  before  hand  ; 
hav( ngi performed  tberr  ccmp,\hty  are  to 
retire  in  a  gallop  to  a  convenient  didance, 
iio  e^tape  the  ihock  of  the  enemies  cavaU 
ryi,  which  indubitably  will  purfue  themi 
In  ftiiidtly 'obferving  thefe  rules,  a'cbnt- 
dudlor'of  irregulars  will  be  feldom  fDr<*> 
prized,  and  ever  jjrefcrve  his  own  army 
from  any  difader. .  If  the  general,  by  fup«- 
porting  him,  thinks  proper  to  come  to 
battle,  he  mufl:  (during  the  fight)  detach 
fome  of  his  li^^ht  troops  into  the.reaf  of 
the  antagonifl,  toiexplors  what  is  doing, 
and  feize  any  niefTengers  that  may  be  diO- 
-patched  after  all  is  over !  the  people  that 
go  upon  this  fervice  are  to  fend  all  letters^ 
packets,  6cc.  to  their  leader,  who  is  to 
forward  them  without  delay  to  the  chief, 
that  from  the  contents  he  may  learn  the 
&.M  of  the  enemies  a^airs,  and  their 
future  operations,  :....•    ;  ^ 

.  Whenever  the  general tommunicate's 
his  intentions  of  beiiegi  hg  a  place,  ^  our 
petit  guerrier  will  obtain  information 
how  the  flaiE  officers,  mayor  and  magi-i- 
flrates  of  thetown  (land  inclined  towards 
his  prince ;  and  mud  try,  by  all  methods 
to  engage  fome  of  them  to  ferve  him 
•when  opportunity  offers ;  he  fhould  alfo 

S  2  get 


(   **<^    ) 

g^t  «it  acccmint  df  the  tnagazitiss  of  pfo^ 
vifiQns  and  fora^  d^fliiifed  fott  f hc^  iup^ 
port  of  the  garriibn,  the  immber  of  in* 
Jlabitants,  in  ordeir  to  calculate  ho^muck 
the  whole  coiifumci  daily ;  if  their  arfe*- 
nalhe  well  fupplkdi  wh&t  quantity  of 
^cannon,  powddr^  ball*  ice.  with  their 
qualities,  tor  from  fuch  intelligeaces  the 
commander  in  chief  farnds  bk  plan  ac^ 
cordingly, 

'  '    ■  .         ' 

Tke  time :  being  come  to  undertake 
the  fiege>  the  ranger  furrounds  the  place 
with  his  light  troops  and  gets  pofiiefiinn 
of  all  poAs  that  may  be  ufeful  to  fae  in*- 
xciked^  or  advantageous  to  the  befiegers  | 
he  then  forms  with  his  irregulars  a  fort 
of  chain  round  the  works^  and  blocks  up 
all  the  pafiages  and  avenues  of  commui" 
nication  even  to  the  foot  of  the  glacis»  if 
practicable;  prevents  any  perfon  from 
coining  in  or  going  out  5  and  learns  by 
his  fpies  what  is  doing  within  the  walls, 
paiticulariy  whether  the  garrifon  nave 
any  xntention  of  fallying  out  to  moleft 
and  retard  the  carrying  oo  the  ficgc  when 
the  army  arrives;  and  prepates  every 
thing  on  his  part  that  caa  forward  the 
undertaking,  that  his  chief,  upon  receive 
ing  notice  of  aJl  he  has  done,  and  bifen 

able 


I  0/  pfo^ 

;r  of  in^ 

leiir  arfc*- 
antity  of 
th  their 
n^es  the 
plan  acf 

»        ■  ■ 

ndertake 
the  place 
^offkffwn 
to  be  in«- 
eficgcrs  j 
irs  a  fort 
locks  up 
commu*- 
glacis^  if 
on  from 
earns  by 
le  walls, 
on  oave 
;o  moleft 
igewhen 
cs  every 
(?ard  the 
1  receive 
ind  bi^en 
able 


(    «6»     ) 

able  to  procure,  may  immediately  tak0 
pc0eflion  of  the  environs  and  open  the 
trenches :  he  muft  further  fignify  the 
mode  fettled  with  his  fpies  to  gain  daily 
(or  oftner)  intelligence  ac  ^rding  to  the 
^tuation  of  aifairs,  and  tden  take  pod 
with  hi$  corps  in  the  rear  of  the  bcfiegerp 
to  prevent  their  being  interrupted  from 
any  (Quarter  whatfoever,  raifing  every  now 
aad  then  contributions  in  the  parts  con* 
tiguous,  that  his  general  may  neither 
want  money  or  any  thing  clfe  he  may 
;(land  in  need  of:  he  mufl  alfo  drive  on 
ml  black  cattle,  horfes,  fheep,  forage,  &c, 
for  two  or  three  leagues  round,  and  above 
all  things  get  many  hoflages,  that  their 
ranfom  may  in  fome  degree  defray  the 
expencd  of  fo  burthenfome  an  enterprize. 
The  chief,  on  his  part>  cannot  be  too 
much  on  his  guard  againft  the  enemy 
obliging  him  to  raife  the  fiege. 

Thehe  arc  numbcrlefs  methods  of 
holding  correfpondencewith  ones  friends 
in  the  town ;  and  as  many  fchemes  of 
getting  fire  fet  to  the  magazines,  which 
will  compel  the  governor  and  garriibn 
to  fiirrender  through  want  of  neceiTaries 
to  continue  the  defence ;  we  have  fre- 
quent examples  of  different  places  taken 

by 


.1 


(    i6t    ) 

• 

hy  inlf'gues  and  ftr'jlt^l^ems,  witli6iitW- 
ing  ncccffitated  to  facrific^  any  quantity 
of  men,  of  expend  much  money- in  licgesl 
General  Laud<^n*  furnifhe's  us  (among 
others)  with  an  ihftance  of  fcizirigScheid- 
nitz  With  an  handful  of  foldicrs,  in  fight 
(almoft)  of  the  advcrfary'e  army  I   ■        ' 

I 

The  leader  of  irregulars  muft  there- 
fore fludy  inceflantly  all  the  rujer  de 
guerre  to  fiiccced  irt  the  execution  of 
dthtk  purpofes  I  for  it  i6  generally  allow- 
ed, "  that  in  every  tbwni  ot  fortified 
*'  place  (either  among  gentry  or  citizirs^ 
*'  it  will  be  no  difficult  matter  to  form  i 
*'  C0nne<flion  with'fome  of  them,  eithfef 
**  diredly  or  indire6tly,  fb  as  to  obtain 
*«  their  affiftartce  in  forwarding  any  plan 
«*  whatever  ;"  if  he  will  recolledt  the 
inftrudions  already  mentioniedort  this 
head,  and  has  well  informed  hirpfelf,  in 
the  propofcd  tour  before  the  commence- 
ment of  hofiilities,  of  every  requifitc 
knowledge  for  his  future  operations,  he 
will  have  reafon  to  cxpedt  an  happy  cam- 
paign. «•  Suppofe  he  was  to  fend  into  a 
'*  garrifon  (three  or  four  week$  before  he 
**  propofes  to  furprize  it)  about  an  hun- 
"  dred  df  the  truftieft  of  his  corps,. well 
««  acquainted  with  and  following"  each 

**  other 


itity 
ges* 
long 
eid- 

ight 


'I 


(    .««3    1 

"other  gradually,  and  abt)Ve  dl,  ild* 
**  dreffing  theml'elves  to  two  or  three 
f<  l^ople  (friends  to  their  caufe)  in  the 
.*•  tojwnj  who  are  to  become  principals 
^*  in  the  enterprise,"  whenever  they  have 
^gained  admittance,  each  individual  is  to 
look  for  employnient  according  to  his 
abilities,  either  as  a  jouVneyman,  a  fol* 
di«ryof  a  fervant,  &c.  this  being  fettled, 
•the  two^^r'three  lAh'abitants  intended  to 
manage  the  affair  are  to  know  where  every 
man  is  to  be  found  at  a  moment's  warnA- 
iijg,  aiid  to  confer  with  them  on  the  flepi 
ncccflary.  to  ripen  the /adventure  :  they 
ifhduld  examine  the  gates  within  and 
<without,  the  ftrength  of  the  guard,  not- 
ing  t!he\;</ieakeft  parts  of  the  fortifications  j 
unidiltarTin^  narrowly  inijpcdted  the  whol^ 
X)f'theni,they  muft  rfefoive  upon  the  day 
•nd'bfOilr  ©f  execution  ^  thenfihd  fdmewa^ 
of  Jdifdofirig  both  tb  their  partizan  with- 
ciflt,  that  be  may  n«)t  flail:  being  rtadSy'for 
therwwOi  which  he  w-ili  arrange  witll.'th« 
gchedaiy  who  Oiqpld  furnilh  fome  cavalry 
foi;iti  and  every  trsooper 'ought  wcafry 
a'  grenadier  mounted  behind  hina^  •  J  The 
commanding  officer  of  this  re-infoTce- 
ment;isvto  fix  bc^re  hand  with  thtpHii 
guerrier,  the  fpot  of  rendezvous,  whioh 
muft  be  we,ll  reconncitred,  and  not  ex- 

l      '...      "..        A.  eeeding 


"*'»"H 


i 

i 


^eedirig  thttt  miles ,  ftbm  the'  qilartar 
prppokd  to  l)e  furprited  i  they  may  con^ 
jceal  themfelves  in  a  ravine^  wood  or  /ome 
other  cover ;  wh^n  arrived  at  the  poirrc 
given^  they  arc  to  gajlop  at  the  hour  ap* 
poioted  to  the  gate  afligned>  virfaere  they 
will  meet  with. their  friends ;  jand^  while 
ibme  attack  anddifperfe  the  guard  as. ^4> 
If » fly  as  poffibly,  others  fpike  up  the 
cannon  that  defend  the  p^rt  to  be  ^& 
faulted  I  and  a  third  body  may  attempt 
to  fei^e  the  governor,  &c.  to  flop  the 
neceflary  orders  from  being  iiTued  ^t  fo 
critical  a  jun<a:ure  !  they  at  thegate  arc 
to  furnifti  the  Oiliccr^  (as  they  *  enter) 
with  0ne  of  their  people  for  a  gutdje  t^ 
(hew  him  his  pofti  When  a  ftratiagctn 
of  this  kind  is  wifely  concerted  and  :pru» 
dently  condudled^  the  event  will; anfwer 
for  itfelf.  There'  are  an  infinity  q£  olhers 
to  be  playied  pfF,.  but  ttefe  I  leav^  to  tke 
fertile  inventiOi);  of  adepts:  iri  this  Jhst 
pfiW^v  •  from  the  fcnoiK^n  aridr  ^gproueii 
experience,  activity,  VA^tlancea^di  aht» 
Uty  jof  our  prcfent;  partisan  j  (jiiajor 
Freftch)  although  he  has  not  thexank 
hi&  merit  andfervices  deferve,  :there  is 
the  greatcft  reafon  to  expert  eveuy  fuxxefii 
id  th©  ^nfuing  campaign.  ,.;. .  ...j^ 


, 


J  Oil  L.  . 

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ttxefs 


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